初一英语语法专项讲义.docx

1、初一英语语法专项讲义初一英语语法专项讲义主讲：刘汉中课程简介：本课程重点复习初一所学的重要语法点：冠词，名词单复数及其所有格，代词，there be及have的用法和区别，形容词和副词的比较级和最高级，一般现在时，现在进行时，一般将来时，一般过去时。（计划课时数：6）一、冠词的定义冠词是一种虚词,本身不能独立使用,只能置于名词之前,帮助说明名词所指的人或事物及该名词的含义.这个概念在汉语中没有,只在英语中存在.二、冠词的分类冠词分为定冠词(the)及不定冠词(a,an)两类.1.定冠词(the)定冠词the表示这,那,这些,那些之意,用于可数的单复数名词或不可数名词前.例如:the apple

2、这(那)个苹果the books这些(那些)书the red one红色的那个the bigger one那个更大的2.不定冠词(a,an)不定冠词仅用在单数可数名词前,表示一的概念,但不强调数目,只表示该名词不是特定者.a(an)表示一的意义时,不如one的数字概念强.例如:a pen 一支钢笔 an egg 一个鸡蛋a student 一个学生 an apple 一个苹果三、定冠词the的用法(1)指代上文已提到过的人或事物.例如:He has a new pen. The pen was bought in America. 他有一枝新钢笔.这枝钢笔是在美国买的.There is a b

3、ook called Gone with the Windon my shelf. The book was written by a foreign writer. 我的书架上有一本名为飘的书.这本书是一位外国作家写的.I saw a film last night. The film is very interesting.昨天晚上我看了一部电影.这部电影非常有趣.(2)特指谈话双方都熟悉的某(些)人或某(些)事物.例如:The bag on the desk isnt mine.桌子上的那个书包不是我的.The angry man on the screen is David.荧屏上的那

4、个怒气冲冲的男人是大卫.Is the city of Nanjing beautiful 南京这座城市漂亮吗 (3)用在世界上独一无二的事物前.例如:The moon is the satellite of the earth. 月球是地球的卫星.The world is changing all the time.世界无时无刻不在变化着.The sun is far away from the earth.太阳离地球很远.(4)用在序数词,形容词的最高级前及由only修饰的名词前.例如:The first lesson is as difficult as the last one.第一课和

5、最后一课一样难.This moon cake is the nicest of all.这块月饼是所有月饼中最好吃的.She is the only person who was late today.她是今天惟一的迟到者.(5)用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前.例如:the Summer Palace 颐和园the Communist Party of China 中国共产党the USA 美国the Peoples Republic of China 中华人民共和国the Great Wall 长城the Olympic Games 奥林匹克运动会(6)用在江河,湖泊,海洋,山脉,群岛等的名

6、词前.例如:the Yellow River 黄河 the Black Sea 黑海the West Lake 西湖the Himalayas 喜马拉雅山the Tianshan Mountains 天山山脉the Indian Ocean印度洋(7)用在姓氏复数前,表示某某一家人或某某夫妇.例如:the Greens 格林一家人(格林夫妇)the Wangs 王家(姓王的夫妇)the Kings 金一家人(金夫妇)the Lis李家(姓李的夫妇)注意the+姓氏复数作主语,谓语动词用复数.例如:The Greens are watching TV at the moment.格林一家现在正在

7、看电视.The Whites do their cooking at home only at the weekend. 怀特夫妇仅在周末才在家做饭.(8)the后加某些形容词,表示一类人或事物.例如:the old 老人 the young 年轻人 the rich 富人the poor 穷人 the clever 聪明人 the blind 盲人(9)用在乐器前面.例如:play the piano 弹钢琴 play the violin 拉小提琴(10)用在the+形容词比较级,the+形容词比较级结构中,表示越越.例如:The more, the better. 越多越好.The mo

8、re exercise you take, the healthier you will be. 你锻炼得越多,身体就越健康.The more we get together,the happier we are.我们相处得越多,就越觉得快乐.(11)当名词被短语或从句修饰时,该名词前用冠词.例如:The man under the tree is my grandfather.在树下的那个人是我的爷爷.The one on the left is a new kind of machine.左边的那台是一种新型机器.The girl in white is Mary.那个穿白色衣服的女孩是玛

9、丽.(12)用在表示方位的名词前.例如:in the east 在东方 in the west 在西部in the northeast of China 在中国的东北部in the south 在南方(13)用在单数可数名词前,表示一类人或物.例如:The tree is a kind of plant. 树是一种植物.The camel is a useful animal.骆驼是一种有用的动物.The computer is an interesting tool.电脑是一种有趣的工具.(14)the常用于一些固定搭配中.例如:in the morning 在早上(上午)in the ea

10、rly morning 一大早in the evening 在晚上in the beginning 在开头(端)in the afternoon 在下午by the way 顺便问一下in the end 最后,终于the next day 第二天at the end of 在末尾the day after tomorrow 后天at the age of 在岁的时候in the front of 在(内部)的前面the day before yesterday 前天on the right(left)在右(左)边四、不定冠词a(an)的用法(1)表示某一类人或事物中的个体,要在名词前加a(a

11、n).例如:Your mother is a nurse. 你妈妈是一名护士.Please pass me a chair. 请递给我一把椅子.A child needs love in his early life.一个孩子在年幼时需要关爱.(2)用来指某人或某物.但不具体说明是谁或是什么时,名词前要加a(an).例如:A visitor called me up just now.一位游客刚才给我打了个电话.He borrowed a dictionary yesterday.他昨天借了一本词典.(3)用来表示一的概念,但不如one的数字概念强.例如:The cage is about a

12、 metre high, a metre wide.这个笼子有约一米高,一米宽.An old man is waiting for you.一位老人正在等你.Here is a present for you. 这有给你的一件礼物.(4)表示单位,数量,长度等.例如:I write to my pen-friend once a month.我每月给我的笔友写一封信.Take this medicine three times a day.这药一天吃三次.My uncle gave me a thousand pounds last time.上次我叔叔给了我1000英镑.(5)用在专有名词前

13、,表示说话者不知道的人或事物.例如:A Mr Black rang you up just now.一个名叫布莱克的先生刚才给你打过电话.A Li is looking for you. 一位姓李的人在找你.A Miss Chen borrowed money from me.一位姓陈的女士借过我的钱.(6)月份,星期及morning, afternoon, evening, night等名词前有修饰语时,一律用a(an).例如:on a cold morning在一个寒冷的早上in a sunny Sunday 在一个晴朗的星期天in a hot month 在一个很热的月份on a ter

14、rible night 在一个可怕的夜晚(7)与表示职业,身份等的名词连用,一般不翻译.例如:The boy wants to be an engineer when he grows up.这个男孩长大后想当工程师.Are you a doctor or a nurse 你是医生还是护士 Is your grandfather interested in a foreign language 你爷爷对外语感兴趣吗 (8)用在such a(an),quite a(an), many a(an), rather a(an)与so+形容词+a(an)+单数名词的结构中.例如:It is such

15、a tall tree. 这棵树这么高.Many a man comes to work on the farm.许多人来这家农场劳动.She is rather a painter. 她真是个画家.(9)用于what引导的感叹句中.例如:What a cold day it was yesterday!昨天真是一个大冷天!What an interesting picture it is!这是一幅多么有趣的画!What a difficult problem! 多难的题啊!(10)用于某些固定搭配中.例如:a few 一些,少数几个 a bit 一点儿a lot(of) 许多,大量 a li

16、ttle 一点儿a piece of 一片/块 have a cold 患感冒have a meal 吃顿饭 have a rest 休息一下have a swim 游泳 have a walk 散步have a good time 过得愉快;玩得高兴五、零冠词在英语中,许多情况下名词前不用冠词,通常称为零冠词.(1)在专有名词前不用冠词.例如:China 中国 John 约翰 Australia 澳大利亚No.1 Middle School 第一中学National Day国庆节(2)名词前有指示代词,物主代词,不定代词或名词所有格修饰时,不用冠词.例如:The radio is on he

17、r desk. 收音机在她的书桌上.Are there any birds in that tree 那棵树上有鸟吗 Some young pioneers are working on the farm.一些少先队员正在农场劳动.(3)复数名词表示一类人或事物时,名词前不用冠词.例如:My uncle and aunt are both doctors.我的叔叔和婶婶都是医生.My mother likes cakes.我妈妈喜欢吃蛋糕.Horses are useful animals.马是有用的动物.(4)在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前不加冠词.例如:Uncle Wang 王叔叔 Mr Gr

18、een 格林先生Miss Li 李小姐 Chairman Hu 胡主席Dr Smith史密斯博士 Professor Chen 陈教授(5)在季节,月份,星期前不用冠词.例如:Its very hot in summer. 夏季天气很热.This kind of flowers comes out in February.这种花在二月份开放.We usually have class meetings on Wednesday.我们通常在周三开班会.(6)在一日三餐,学科,球类,棋牌类名词前不用冠词.例如:We have Chinese, maths, English, and other s

19、ubjects at school.我们在学校学习语文,数学,英语和其他课程.I have lunch at a quarter to twelve every day.我每天11:45吃午饭.Children love to play football. 孩子们爱踢足球.(7)在表示交通方式的介词短语中,不用冠词.例如:Do you usually come to Guangzhou by plane or by train 你通常乘飞机还是乘火车来广州 We are going to the zoo on foot tomorrow.我们打算明天步行去动物园.How do you like

20、 going there by bike 你觉得骑自行车去那儿怎样 (8)当抽象名词或物质名词表示一般概念时不用冠词.例如:The girl enjoys music very much.这个女孩非常热爱音乐.Please put sugar into it. 请往里面加些糖.Milk is necessary for children.牛奶是儿童所必需的(食品).(9)两个相同或相对的名词并用时,不用冠词.例如:father and son 父与子 hand in hand 手拉手day and night 日夜 face to face 面对面sun and moon 日月 side by

21、 side 肩并肩(10)在某些固定搭配中不用冠词.例如:go to work 去上班 go to school 去上学on time 按时;准时 at home 在家go to college上大学go to church去做礼拜in bed 在睡觉;卧病在床in front of 在前面at table 进餐 in future 今后on earth 究竟 in hospital 住院六、习惯用语中使用冠词和不使用冠词的差异与辨析(1)in front of 在的前面(外部)in the front of在的前面(内部)(5)in future (从今以后的)将来in the future

22、 (较为遥远的)将来(8)in bed 在睡觉;卧病在床in the bed 在床上(9)go to church 去做礼拜go to the church 去教堂注意在一些短语中,有无冠词并无区别.例如:at least(at the least)至少at most(at the most)至多turn to right(turn to the right)向右拐in face of(in the face of)面对on one hand (on the one hand)on the other hand一方面 另一方面冠词练习1. -Did you do well in_English

23、 exam? -Yes,I got_”A” Athe; an B.an; the C.a; / D.the; a2. He is _honest boy,so we all like him. A.a B.an C.the D./3.Have you seen _umbrella here? You mean_black one? It was here a minute ago. A.an;the B.the;an C.an;a D.the;the4.People like to see films on_TV instead of going to_cinema. A.the;the B.

24、/the C.the;/5.Mike is_Australian boy.He studies in_university in Shanghai. A.the;a B.a;a C.an;a D.an;an6.Have you got_e-mail address? -I want to e-mail some photos to you. A.a;it B.an;one C.the;one D./;it7. He is_university student and he comes from_island in England. A.an;an B.an;a C.a;an D.a;a8.Th

25、e singer usually sings while playing_piano. A.a B.an C.the D./9.I think Suzhou is_most beautiful tourist city in China and Ill come for_second time. A.a;a B.the;the C.the;a D.a;the10.A:Did you see_dog just now? B:Is it_black dog? A:Oh,I just saw it passing the door. A.the;a B.a;a C.the;/11._youngest

26、 leader in China is_man called LuHao. A.The;a B.A;the C.A;a D.An;an12.-Are you good at playing_basketball or playing_piano? A.a;a B.the;the C.the;/ D./;the13.Who is_girl in pink? -She is our new classmate,Kate A./ B.the C.a D.an14.When you make a mistake,dont always make_excuse for yourself. A.an B.

27、the C./15.Do you have_bike? -Sorry,I dont have one. A.a B.the C./16.-Where is Xiao Ming? -He is having_rest over there. A.a B.an C.the D./17.Last Sunday,my parents took me to the zoo.In the zoo we saw_elephant. _elephant was from Africa.A.a;The B.the;/An C.an;The D.the;A18.Jack bought_useful book._b

28、ook is also very interesting. A.an;The B.a;The C an;The D.a;A19.-Mum, what shall we have for_dinner? -Dumplings. -Oh,what_wonderful dinner!I enjoy it very much. A.the;/ B.a;the C./;a D.a;a20.He said he wanted to be_university student after he graduated from the high school. .A.an B.a C./ D.the-5ABCB

29、C 6-10BCCBB 11-15ADBAA 16-20 ACBCB人称代词物主代词单数复数单数复数主格宾格主格宾格形容词性（短）名词性（长）形容词性（短）名词性（长）第一人称Imeweusmymineourours第二人称youyouyouyouyouryoursyouryours第三人称hehimtheythemhishistheirtheirssheherherhersitititsits代词1、 人称代词和物主代词人称代词：有主格和宾格之分。一般动词前用主格，动词和介词后用宾格。物主代词：有两类：形容词性物主代词（短的）和名词性物主代词（长的）一般看后面有没有名词，如有，就用形容词性物主代词（短的）；如无，就用名词性物主代词（长的）。练习：（用括号中单词的正确形式填空）1. That is not _ kite. That kite is very small, but _ is very big. ( I )2. The dress is _. Give it to _. ( she )3. _ is my brother. _ name is Jack. Look! Those stamps are