新G OG阅读套题抽取.docx

1、新G OG阅读套题抽取使用说明内容为新GRE(GRE revised) OG中的阅读的套题练习，参照阅读2772设置，答案被隐藏。显示的方法是鼠标左键单击“常用”工具栏“显示/隐藏编辑标记”按钮（只有WORD才有此按钮，写字板没有）。再次单击又被隐藏。见下图：SECTION 3Verbal ReasoningTime 35 minutes25 QuestionsFor each of Questions 1 to 4, select one answer choice unless otherwise instructed.Questions 1 to 3 are based on the f

2、ollowing reading passage.Whether the languages of the ancient American peoples were used for expressing abstract universal concepts can be clearly answered in the case of Nahuatl. Nahuatl, like Greek and German, is a language that allows the formation of extensive com- pounds. By the combination of

3、radicals or semantic elements, single compound words can express complex conceptual relations, often of an abstract universal character.The tlamatinime (those who know) were able to use this rich stock of abstract terms to express the nuances of their thought. They also availed themselves of other f

4、orms of expression with metaphorical meaning, some probably original, some derived from Toltec coinages. Of these forms, the most characteristic in Nahuatl is the juxtaposition of two words that, because they are synonyms, associated terms, or even contraries, complement each other to evoke one sing

5、le idea. Used metaphorically, the juxtaposed terms connote specific or essential traits of the being they refer to, introducing a mode of poetry as an almost habitual form of expression.DescriptionThis passage claims that Nahuatl was used to express abstract universal concepts, by combining semantic

6、 elements, and goes on to explain that the tlamatinime used these terms to express subtle distinctionsFor the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.1. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage regarding present-day research relating to Na

7、huatl? A Some record or evidence of the thought of the tlamatinime is available.? B For at least some Nahuatl expressions, researchers are able to trace theirderivation from another ancient American language. C Researchers believe that in Nahuatl, abstract universal concepts arealways expressed meta

8、phorically.ExplanationChoices A and B are correct.Choice A is correct: the tlamatinime are mentioned in the first sentence of the sec- ond paragraph, where it says they were able to use Nahuatls stock of abstract terms “to express the nuances of their thought.” This suggests that there is some evide

9、nce of what those thoughts were, and therefore Choice A can be inferred.Choice B is correct: according to the next sentence, Nahuatl speakers used “forms of expression with metaphorical meaning,” some of which were probably “original” and others “derived from Toltec coinages.” That researchers know

10、certain Nahuatl expressions are derived from Toltec suggests that they are able to trace the derivation of some Nahuatl expressions from another language besides Nahuatl, and therefore Choice B may be inferred.Choice C is incorrect: the passage says that in Nahuatl there are single compound words th

11、at can express conceptual relations of an “abstract universal character” and mentions “other forms of expression with metaphorical meaning,” but it does not indi- cate whether metaphorical words or phrases are the only way that abstract universal concepts are expressed in Nahuatl, or whether researc

12、hers believe this about Nahuatl. Therefore Choice C cannot be inferred.2. Select the sentence in the passage in which the author introduces a specific Nahuatl mode of expression that is not identified as being shared with certain European languages.ExplanationThe passage introduces two specific Nahu

13、atl modes of expression. One is the formation of single compound words that are capable of expressing complex conceptual relations (first paragraph); the other is the juxtaposition of two related words to evoke a single idea (second paragraph). In the formation of compounds Nahuatl is described as b

14、eing “like Greek and German,” but the second mode is not identified as being shared with other languages. Therefore the sixth sentence (“Of these forms . . . one single idea”) is the best choice.3. In the context in which it appears, “coinages” (line 9) most nearly means A adaptations B creations C

15、idiosyncrasies D pronunciations E currenciesExplanation“Coinage” has two senses that are represented among the answer choices: in one sense it denotes coins and currency, while in the other it denotes things especially words that are invented. The fifth sentence draws a contrast between linguistic e

16、xpressions original to Nahuatl and those derived from Toltec. In this context of original versus derived language, “coinages” means “inventions,” not “currencies.” Of the answer choices given, “creations” is the nearest equivalent of “coinages” in the sense of “inventions,” and therefore Choice B is

17、 the best answer.Question 4 is based on the following reading passage.At a certain period in Earths history, its atmosphere contained almost no oxygen, although plants were producing vast quantities of oxygen. As a way of reconciling these two facts, scientists have hypothesized that nearly all of t

18、he oxygen being produced was taken up by iron on Earths surface. Clearly, however, this explanation is inadequate. New studies show that the amount of iron on Earths surface was not sufficient to absorb anywhere near as much oxygen as was being produced. Therefore, something in addition to the iron

19、on Earths surface must have absorbed much of the oxygen produced by plant life.4. In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles? A The first is a claim made by the argument in support of a certain position;the second is that position. B The first is a judgment

20、 made by the argument about a certain explanation;the second is that explanation. C The first expresses the arguments dismissal of an objection to the position it seeks to establish; the second is that position. D The first sums up the arguments position with regard to a certain hypothesis; the seco

21、nd provides grounds for that position. E The first is a concession by the argument that its initial formulation of the position it seeks to establish requires modification; the second presentsthat position in a modified form.ExplanationThe passage presents an argument and the question asks you to id

22、entify the role the portions highlighted in boldface play in that argument. The first step in responding is to read through the passage quickly to get an understanding of what is being said. Then it is possible to go back and assess how the parts of the passage fit together into an argument.In this

23、passage the first sentence presents two pieces of information that seem to be in conflict the atmosphere contained almost no oxygen even though plants were pro- ducing so much of it. The second sentence presents a hypothetical explanation that has been proposed for reconciling the discrepancy that o

24、xygen was absorbed by iron. The next sentence calls this hypothetical explanation inadequate and the following sen- tence gives a reason for that judgment that there was insufficient iron for the pro- posed explanation to work. Finally, the last sentence draws the conclusion that there must have bee

25、n something in addition to iron to absorb the oxygen.Since the highlighted portions in the passage represent the main content of the third and fourth sentences, the task in this question is to find the answer choice whose two parts fit those sentences roles. It can be seen that answer Choice D fits

26、the require- ment: the third sentence does sum up the arguments position about a hypothesis, and the fourth sentenceAnimal signals, such as the complex songs of birds, tend to be costly. A bird, by singing, may forfeit time that could otherwise be spent on other important behaviors such as foraging

27、or resting. Singing may also advertise an individuals location to rivals or pred- ators and impair the ability to detect their approach. Although these types of cost may be important, discussions of the cost of singing have generally focused on energy costs. Overall the evidence is equivocal: for in

28、stance, while Eberhardt found increases in energy consumption during singing for Carolina wrens, Chappell found no effect of crowing on energy consumption in roosters.To obtain empirical data regarding the energy costs of singing, Thomas examined the relationship between song rate and overnight chan

29、ges in body mass of male nightingales. Birds store energy as subcutaneous fat deposits or “body reserves”; changes in these reserves can be reliably estimated by measuring changes in body mass. If singing has important energy costs, nightingales should lose more body mass on nights when their song r

30、ate is high. Thomas found that nightingales reached a significantly higher body mass at dusk and lost more mass overnight on nights when their song rate was high.These results suggest that there may be several costs of singing at night associated with body reserves. The increased metabolic cost of p

31、ossessing higher body mass contributes to the increased overnight mass loss. The strategic regulation of evening body reserves is also likely to incur additional costs, as nightingales must spend more time foraging in order to build up larger body reserves. The metabolic cost of singing itself may a

32、lso contribute to increased loss of reserves. This metabolic cost may arise from the muscular and neural activity involved in singing or from behaviors associated with singing. For example, birds may expend more of their reserves on thermoregulation if they spend the night exposed to the wind on a song post than if they are in a sheltered roost site. Thomass data therefore show that whether or not singing per se has an important metabolic cost, metabolic costs associated with singing can have an impor- tant measurable effect on a birds daily energy budg