高考英语语法精品教案专题九 动词的时态和语态.docx

1、高考英语语法精品教案专题九 动词的时态和语态 动词的时态和语态一直是历年高考的必考点。主要考查考生在特定语境下对时态和语态的理解，其中现在完成时、一般过去时、过去完成时的运用出现得最为频繁。此外，为了增加试题的区分度，命题者还常常把动词的时态和语态以及主谓一致结合在一起考查。在解题时要注意以下几个问题：1 这个动作可能发生在什么时间？题干中可参照的时间信息有哪些？2 这个动作处于什么状态？是进行中，还是已结束(完成？限制或修饰这个动作的状语信息有哪些？3 这个动作与主语的关系，是主动还是被动？ 只要全面细致地考虑了这些问题，试题的答案也就水落石出了。一、 动词时态的基本结构和用法类别意义例句现

2、在时态一般现在时1.主要表示现在的特征、状态、经常性动作或客观事实等。2.用在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，表示将来。3.少数表示动作起止的动词有时也可用一般现在时代替一般将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。I play ping pong quite well, but I havent had time to play since the new year. If it rains tomorrow, will you still go？The plane for Canada leaves at 9：15.类别意义例句现在时态现在进行时1.表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作。2

3、.与副词always，continually，constantly，never等连用时表示厌恶或赞扬等的感情色彩。3.go，come，leave，start，stay等少数表示来、去、开始、离开等意义的瞬间动词的进行时可以表示一个按规定、计划或安排好的将要进行的动作。My brother is reading an interesting novel these days. You are always forgetting the important things. Were moving to the new building next week.类别意义例句现在时态现在完成时1.现在完成

4、时的两种意义：表示动作发生于过去，对现在有一定的影响或结果。表示动作或状态过去已经开始，持续到现在而且可能继续下去。2.短暂性动词在肯定句中不可与表示时间段的for, since等连用。3.可用在表时间、条件、让步的状语从句中，表示将来某时以前已完成的动作。4.在It is the first/ second time that句型中，that从句的谓语动词用现在完成时。They have cleaned the classroom. (即： The room is clean now. He has lived in this country for 40 years. Once you h

5、ave made a promise, you shouldnt break it. It is the first time that I have been here. 类别意义例句现在时态现在完成进行时1.表示从过去某一时刻开始的动作一直延续到现在，现在可能刚刚结束，也可能仍要继续。2.表示瞬间意义的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。Ive been sitting here all day. Now that she is out of a job, Lucy has been considering going back to school, but she hasnt decided y

6、et. 类别意义例句过去时态一般过去时1.主要表示过去某时发生的情况或动作(包括过去习惯性的动作。2.所表达的事件与现在无关。3.即使是刚刚发生的事情也要用过去时。If the weather had been better, we could have had a picnic. But it rained all day. Sorry. I didnt know you were here.类别意义例句过去时态过去进行时1.表示过去某一时间正进行的动作 。通常有时间状语(从句，或有上下文提示。2.与副词always, continually, constantly, never等连用时表示

7、厌恶或赞扬等的感情色彩。3.go，come，leave，start，stay等少数表示来、去、开始、离开等意义的瞬间动词的进行时可以表示一个按规定、计划或安排好的过去某个时间将要进行的动作。As she was reading the newspaper, Granny fell asleep.My grandfather was always forgetting things. Mr. Smith said he was leaving for London soon. 类别意义例句过去时态过去完成时1.表示某一动作或存在的状态发生在过去某一时间或动作之前，即“过去的过去”。 可以用by，

8、before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。2.表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。3.动词think，want，hope，mean，plan，intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等。4.用在hardlywhen，no soonerthan，It was the first (second, etc. time (that等固定句型中。By nine oclock last night, we had got 200 picture

9、s from the spaceship. I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 类别意义例句过去时态过去将来时1.常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。2.was/were about to dowhen正要做某事这时He said he would come and

10、help me if necessary. I was just about to explain when he interrupted me.类别意义例句将来时态will (shalldo其特殊用法：1单纯的将来。2说话时临时的打算。 I will be 17 next month.Sorry, I forgot to post your letter.It doesnt matter. I will go and post it myself. 类别意义例句将来时态be going todo1. 按照计划打算做(即说话时早已有的打算。2根据客观迹象预示着。 Ann is in hospi

11、tal. Yes, I know. Im going to visit her tomorrow.Look at the clouds. It is going to rain. 类别意义例句将来时态betodo 1. 表示按计划要发生的事或表示命令、职责、义务、要求等。 2可以用于条件句，表示“想，想要做。”3be to do 结构有时还可以表示“注定了”。 The president is to visit the school next week.You are to do your homework before you watch TV. (相当于should, ought toIf

12、 you are to pass the exams, you will have to study harder from now on.They were never to meet again. 类别意义例句将来时态beabouttodo 表示即将发生的动作，意为：很快，马上。后面一般不跟时间状语。常与when 连用， 构成句型“be about to do when ”(正要做这时 We are about to leave. 二、几种易混时态的辨析1 一般现在时与现在进行时 一般现在时表示经常性的、习惯性的或状态性的行为。 而现在进行时则具有进行性、未完成性和暂时性的特点。如：1bR

13、qSpJ8AC On the wall hangs a picture painted by Qi Baishi. This is not my coat. Mine is hanging behind the door. 1bRqSpJ8AC如： 2010重庆卷 The palace caught fire three times in the last century，and little of the original building _ now.1bRqSpJ8AC Aremains Bis remained Cis remaining Dhas been remained 【解读】

14、 A考查动词用法及时态。remain作不及物动词用，表示“剩下，仍有”，只能用于主动语态，不可直接跟宾语。结合语境应用一般现在时表示现状。1bRqSpJ8AC2 一般过去时和现在完成时 一般过去时所表达的事件与现在无关。而现在完成时则强调对现在的影响和结果。如： I stayed in Beijing for five days. Then I went to America. (I am not in Beijing now. 1bRqSpJ8AC I have stayed in Beijing for five days and havent decided where to go ne

15、xt. (I am still in Beijing now and dont know where to go next.1bRqSpJ8AC2010北京卷 Im sorry，but I dont quite follow you. Did you say you wanted to return on September 20?1bRqSpJ8AC Sorry，I _myself clear. We want to return on October 20.1bRqSpJ8AC Ahadnt made Bwouldnt make Cdont make Dhavent made 【解读】 D

16、本题考查时态和情景交际。答句句意为：抱歉，我还没有把我的意思表达明白，强调对现在造成的影响，用现在完成时态。1bRqSpJ8AC3 一般过去时和过去进行时 一般过去时表示发生在过去的动作或过去存在的状态。过去进行时则表示在过去某个时间点或时间段正在做某事。进行时具有进行性、未完成性和暂时性的特点。1bRqSpJ8AC如： I read a book last month. (书已经在过去某个时间点读完 I was reading a book last month. (书未读完 Has Sam finished his homework today? I have no idea. He _i

17、t this morning. Adid Bhas done Cwas doing Dhad done 【解读】 C此题容易误选A。根据I have no idea这一关键信息可知，说话者对是否完成并不知道，因此用进行时，表示今天上午在做。1bRqSpJ8AC4 一般过去时和过去完成时 判断是不是过去完成时应先从时间轴上找到表示“过去”的时间点或动作，然后判断在这个时间点或动作之前还有没有另一个动作，并且判断该句是否强调发生在前。1bRqSpJ8AC The moment I got home, I found I had left my jacket on the playground.1b

18、RqSpJ8AC5 完成时和完成进行时的用法比较 现在完成时和过去完成时分别表示某一动作持续到现在或过去某一时间。现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时虽然也表示一个动作持续到现在或过去某一时间，但更强调动作的持续性。完成时强调动作的结果，完成进行时强调动作的延续。1bRqSpJ8AC如：(1 Why does the river smell terrible? Because the water_. Ahave polluted Bis being polluted Chas been polluted Dhave been polluted 【解读】 C考查完成时和完成进行时的用法和主谓一致。根据

19、问句可知所填动词表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响，时态用现在完成时，动词与主语是被动关系，用被动语态。主语是the water，谓语动词用单数，选C。1bRqSpJ8AC (2 He _ articles for our newspaper these years, and he _about 40 articles. 1bRqSpJ8AC Ahas written；has written Bhas been writing；writes Cis writing；has been writing Dhas been writing；has written 【解读】 D考查完成时和完成进行时的

20、用法。由句意知“这些年他一直在写”，用has been writing；“已写完了”用has written。1bRqSpJ8AC三、被动语态 动词的语态反映主语与谓语动词之间的一种关系。动词的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。当句子的主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者时，谓语动词用主动语态；当句子的主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者时，谓语动词用被动语态。在主动语态中，句子通过谓语动词的不同形式体现出不同的时态形式；被动语态由“助动词be 过去分词”构成，不同的时态通过 be 的不同形式体现。其被动语态构成方法与普通的及物动词的被动语态的构成方法相同。1bRqSpJ8AC常用被动语态 构成(以

21、ask为例 常用被动语态 构成1一般现在时am/is/are asked 6过去进行时 was/were being asked 2一般过去时was/were asked 7现在完成时 have/has been asked3一般将来时shall/will be asked 8过去完成时 had been asked4过去将来时would be asked 9将来完成时 will/would have been asked5现在进行时am/is/are being asked 10含有情态动词的被动语态can/must/may be asked注意事项被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词

22、后加not，短语动词的被动语态不可漏掉其中的介词或副词。如：Trees should not be planted in summer. The boy was made fun of by his classmates. “get 过去分词”可以表示被动，此结构比较口语化。如：She got married last week. He fell off the car and got killed. 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：It is believed thatIt is generally considered thatIt is said thatIt

23、 is well known thatIt must be pointed out thatIt is supposed thatIt is reported thatIt must be admitted thatIt is hoped that注意事项不用被动语态的情况不及物动词及短语没有被动语态，如：happen, take place, last, break out, come about, come out等。如：The book came out last year. The meeting lasted about 4 hours without reaching any ag

24、reement. 系动词look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, prove, turn, stay, become, fall, get, grow, keep等都没有被动语态。如：The food tastes good.The cloth feels soft. His plan proved (to be practical. It has gone bad.表示主语的某种属性特征的动词不需用被动语态。如read, write, act, cut, draw, drive, sell, wash, open, lock, sh

25、ut, dry, start。这类动词一般不单独使用，常用一个修饰语。如：The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。My pen wont write. 我的笔写不出字来。This coat dries easily. 这种外衣容易干。The door wont lock. 这门锁不上。The engine wont start. 引擎发动不起来。The cloth washes well. 这布很耐洗。1 Hi, Lucy, you look tired. Im really tired. I _the living room all day. 1bRqSpJ8AC Apain

26、ted Bhad painted Chave been painting Dhave been painted 【误】 学生容易分辨不清C与D的区别，而误选D。 【正】 C表示我一整天都在刷房子，应该用现在完成进行时。2 Nancy is not coming tonight. But she _！(promise1bRqSpJ8AC 【误】 But she has promised. 【正】 But she promised. 【解读】 Nancy“答应要来”这个动作应该发生在过去，是过去作出的承诺，前文已告诉我们“她不来了”，因此诺言已跟现在没有关系，只是过去的一个动作。1bRqSpJ8A

27、C3 托尼给我打电话时，我刚完成工作，要开始洗澡。 【误】 When Tony phoned me I had just finished my work and started to take a shower. 1bRqSpJ8AC 【正】 When Tony phoned me I had just finished my work and was starting to take a shower. 1bRqSpJ8AC 【解读】 从关键信息I had just finished my work可以看出是“正要开始洗澡”应该是进行时，was starting 可以表示马上就要进行的动作

28、；而started表示“开始了”。1bRqSpJ8AC4 I dont really work here; I _until the new secretary arrives. 1bRqSpJ8AC Ajust help out Bhave just helped out Cam just helping out Dwill just help out 【误】 此题易受第一句话的影响，而误选A。 【正】 表示我现在只是在临时帮忙，是现在正在进行的动作，选C。 【解读】 一般现在时表示现在的、经常性的行为或状态，而现在进行时表示正在进行的、暂时性的动作。5 很多的鸟类正被人们捕杀。 【误】 M

29、any birds are killed now. 【正】 Many birds are being killed now. 【解读】 现在进行时的被动语态结构要完整，不能遗漏其中的助动词，导致时态错误。1 2010上海卷 The church tower which_will be open to tourists soon. The work is almost finished. 1bRqSpJ8AC Ahas restored Bhas been restored Cis restoring Dis being restored 【解读】 D本题考查被动语态。restore意为“修复”

30、，而最后一句表明工程还未完成，因此为正在修复中，选D。1bRqSpJ8AC2 2009北京卷 John was given the same suitcase his father and grandfather_ with them to school. 1bRqSpJ8AC Atook Bhad taken Cwere taking Dwould take 【答案】 B3 2009辽宁卷 Excuse me, Marcia, a reporter from Vanity Fair_ all day. Could you speak to her now? 1bRqSpJ8AC Aphones Bhas phoned Chas been phoning Dphoned 【解读】 C考查现在完成进行