动词时态和语态.docx

1、动词时态和语态时态和语态一 常用时态构成时态名称构 成一般现在时do/does, have/has,（连系动词is/am/are）一般过去时did, had,（连系动词was/were）一般将来时will/shall dois/am/are going to dois/am/are(about)to do现在进行时is/am/are doing过去进行时was/were doing将来进行时will be doing现在完成时has/have done过去完成时had done将来完成时will/shall have done现在完成进行时has/have been doing过去将来时wou

2、ld/should do was/were going to dowas/were(about)to do二 常用时态用法考点一般现在时1.表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用行为动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用，如：every day, once a week, often, usually, always, seldom, sometimes等。We always care for each other and help each other.2.表示客观事实或普遍真理(不受主句时态的限制)。The geography teacher told us the earth moves around

3、the sun.3. 表示主语的特征、能力、性格、身份等。如：He works hard.4. 某些表动向和起始的动词如：begin, come, go, leave, sail, start, arrive, return, end, stop, depart, open, close, sail等，当其表计划时间表要发生的动作，主语通常是事物，句中常带有时间状语，要用一般现在时代替将来时。 The plane takes off at 10:00 a.m. The meeting begins in a minute. 5.在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但由if 引导的条

4、件状语从句中有时可以用shall或will表“意愿”，不表示时态。Ill go there after I finish my work.If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.6. 一般现在时，用在由here, there, in, out, down, up等开头的倒装句中，一般式表示现在正在发生的动作。Here she comes. Here comes the bus. There goes the bell.7. 引用书面材料，如格言警句等，say, teach

5、, stress, go等常用一般现在时。As the saying goes, practice makes perfect.一般过去时1.过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或存在的状态，如：He lived in Beijing when he was young.2.表达过去发生的动作，通常有过去的时间状语，如yesterday, the day before yesterday, last year, last Friday, in the past, two days ago, a moment ago, just now, in1996.We visited the facto

6、ry last Friday.3. 有些动词如：think, want, plan等用在一般过去时中常常译为“原来认为/以为，原来想，原计划”，如：I thought the film would be interesting, but it isnt.4. 表示过去经常发生的动作也可用used to 或would两者后接动词原形表示。但前者暗示“现在已不再”，可以接状态动词或动作动词；后者不暗示现在的情况，只能接动作动词。He is no longer what he used to be. He used to walk after supper, didnt he?I would tel

7、l him some stories when I lived there.5. 虚拟语气中常用一般过去时表示对现在或将来的假设：If I were you, I would help him. Its time you had lunch.6. 情态动词的过去式如：could, would, should, might可用于现在或将来表示一种委婉的语气。Could you lend me your book? Would you like a cup of tea?3 一般将来时1.表示将来的动作和存在的状态，常用的时间状语有tomorrow, the day after tomorrow,

8、 next week, from now on, in a month, in the future。2.shall / will + 动词原形表示不含主观因素的单纯的时间上的将来，特别是谈一连串的事情或在含有时间或条件状语从句的句子中，谓语多用将来时。”shall”用于第一人称，”will”用于任何人称，否定形式分别为”shant”, “wont”。I will be fifteen years old next year. Next time Ill try to do better. If it rains tomorrow, I will stay home. When I see h

9、im, Ill tell him about it.3. 用will表示一种倾向、习惯动作或必然趋势。A drowning man will catch a straw. Oil will float on water. Crops will die without water.其否定式可表“不能/没法”。 This machine wont work. This plan wont act.4. 一般将来时几种特殊表达形式的区别be going to：表示打算或准备做某事或有迹象表明即将发生某事。I am going to visit my friend in hospital. It lo

10、oks as if it is going to rain.be about to：表示即时的将来，“即将、正要”。一般不与时间状语连用。Now ladies and gentleman, youre about to hear the most incredible tale.be to：表示按计划安排即将发生的事，正式安排（官方计划或决定），意志、命令、可能性（注定发生）。The medicine is to be taken three times a day. You are to clean the room.He would not listen to me, so he is t

11、o fail. be doing限于某些开始、终结、往来等非持续性动词（如go, come, stay, move, leave, start, finish等）的进行时表示将来，表示按计划安排即将发生的事，主语多为人，常伴有时间状语。（此用法具口语性、近期性、动词局限性）。I am finishing my work in an hour. He is coming soon. They are leaving for Tibet tomorrow.现在进行时1.表示现在正在进行的动作，常用的时间状语有now, right now, at the moment, at present.It

12、is raining heavily now, so we must stay inside. 2.表示按计划安排即将发生的动作（多有表未来的时间状语），但仅限于少量动词：go, stay, come, leave, start, arrive, return , stay等。 We are going there tomorrow. Im staying there for two weeks. My father is coming to see me this Saturday.3. 现在进行时与频度副词always, all the time, forever, constantly,

13、 continuously等词连用，往往表赞扬、埋怨、气愤或厌恶等情绪。He is always thinking of his study. He is always making the same mistakes.（批评）4. be + 某些介词短语，也可表达进行含义，如：be under repair/under ones leadership/under discussion/in use/on ones way。过去进行时1. 表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作（这一过去时间须用时间状语表示）,常用的有at 8 yesterday, at this time yester

14、day, all yesterday evening, 含when he came in 等的主句。 He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.2. 表示过去按计划安排即将发生的或将来的动作。He was coming in a minute. He said she was arriving the next day.3.用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生。 I was writing while he was watching TV. 4.过去进行时，与频度副词连用，可以用来表示赞美或厌恶等情绪而带有感情色彩。将来进行时1. 主要表示将来某时

15、刻或某一段时间将正在进行的动作，一般带状语。This time tomorrow, I shall be flying to Shanghai. What will you be doing at eight tomorrow morning?2.表示现在正在进行的动作，但这个动作会延续到将来I think that she will be working on this experiment until next morning.3. 口语中它常用来表示预计即将或势必要发生的动作，和一般将来时有时只有细微差别，但它显得更委婉。I shall be waiting for you in my

16、room after supper.Dont come at 7 oclock tomorrow. He will be working then.4. 将来进行时和一般将来时的主要区别一般将来时不仅表示“将来”，还含有“意志、意愿”等的意思。Ill try my best to hard work at English. Ill be studying English next term.跟一般将来时连用的时间状语比较模糊，而跟进来进行时连用的时间状语非常具体。Ill write a letter to my father tomorrow. Ill be writing a letter

17、to my father this time tomorrow.7 现在完成时1.表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，说话时已完成的动作。常用的状语有just, already, ever, never, before, yet, notyet, up to/till now, lately, recently, so far, ever since, in the last / past few years, these days等。I have just finished the report. She hasnt cleaned the room yet.2. 现在完成时强调对现在

18、的影响，是现在时态，因此不能和表示具体的过去时间连用，但可以和表示模糊的过去时间的before，since连用。3. 表示从过去开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和“for.”,“since.”表述的一段时间状语连用。He has learned English for six years. They have worked here since they left college.表示“曾经到过某地（人已回来）”用“have/has been to”,表示“到某地去了（还未回来）”用“have/has gone to”。短暂动词（即瞬间动词），如go, come, arrive, leave

19、, begin, borrow, marry, die, fall, finish, stop, start, lose, sell, kill, break, meet, close, open, graduate, join，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用, 需用以下三种方法：“ago法”：He joined the army three years ago.“延续法”：He has been in the army for three years.“since法”：It is/has been three years since he joined the army.4. 表某动作

20、曾经发生过，对现在来讲已成为既往的经历。 I have met him.5. 表示一个断断续续的动作对现在产生的量结果。We have learnt ten English songs.6. 常用于如下句式：It（This/That）is the first(second) time that. It（This/That）is the onlythat It（This/That）is +最高级+that从句 It is the first time that I have seen so much money.It is the best film that I have ever seen.

21、 It will be the second car that I have bought. 8 过去完成时1.表示过去某时或某事前已经发生或完成的动作或情况(即“过去的过去”），可能还要继续下去。常用的状语有by+过去的时间, by the time., by the end of., 时间段+before, two years before, before +过去的时间点等。如：I had learned some English words before I went to school.He told me that he had suffered a great deal befor

22、e. I had gone out by the time he came here.By the end of 1960, we had built 100 schools. When I had finished my work, I took a rest. He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.2.常用hope, expect, think, intend, want, suppose, mean, plan等动词的过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图，比较相应过去式，表示“原”。We had expected th

23、at you would be able to win the match.I meant to phone you, but I forgot. I intended to catch the early train, but I got up late.3. 在hardly . when, no sooner . than，scarcely . when句式中主句用过去完成时，且常采用倒装，从句用一般过去时。译为“一就”。 Hardly had I come back when the phone rang.4. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是过去的过去，只有在和过去某时或某事相比较

24、时才会用到它。如果两个动作紧接发生，常常不用过去完成时，特别是在含有before和after的复合句中。As soon as it stopped raining, they began working again.I told them after you (had) left. He (had) told me the news before you came.9 将来完成时1. 主要表示将来某时会业已发生的事情，有时用来表示一种推测。常用将来时间状语有by the end of, by this time tomorrow，by the time，by，when, before引起的时间

25、状语连用。We will have built the bridge by the time he comes back next year.By this time tomorrow, I shall have finished the work.2.在时间、条件状语从句中，用现在完成时代替将来完成时来表示将来某一时刻以前已完成的动作。如： Tell me what you think about the film when you have seen it.10 现在完成进行时1. 多用于在强调动作延续时间的长久，也可用来表示现在以前这段时间反复发生的事情，经常译作“一直”。I have

26、been waiting for you for two hours. What have you been doing all the morning?2. 现在完成时的动作发生在过去或开始于过去，强调对现在的影响或结果；现在完成进行时的动作开始于过去，强调延续或直接结果。如：You look so tired, what have you been doing? （直接结果） We have been discussing the problem, but we havent drawn a conclusion yet.（十一）过去将来时1.主要表示从过去某时看来将要发生的事情。woul

27、d do也可表示过去习惯性的动作，常有一个时间状语说明在什么情况下往往如此，还可以用来表示“愿望/倾向”，多用于否定句，谈过去的情况，表示“不肯/不会/不可能”等等。如：He said he would go to work next week. When I went to Beijing，he would come to guide me.He was about to go when his father came back. He said it was going to rain.2. 主句是过去将来时，时间和条件状语从句中用一般过去时来替代过去将来时。She would pay u

28、s a visit when she had time.3. 某些非延续动词的过去进行时可表过去将来，如：come, go, finish, start, leave等。He said he was coming. I told him I was leaving.三不常用时态1. 过去完成进行时，构成had been doing。主要表示过去某时以前一直在进行的一个动作。这一动作可能在那时还在进行，也可能到那个过去时间停止。He told me he had been waiting for me for two hours.By the time the city was liberate

29、d，he had been working for 20 years.2. 过去将来进行时，构成：should / would be doing。表从过去某时看，将来某时将正在进行的动作或预计要发生的动作，3.过去将来完成时，构成：should/would have done。表示从过去某时看将来某时会业已完成的动作。在时间或条件状语从句中需要用过去完成时来代替它。4. 将来完成进行时，构成：shall/will have been doing。表示将来某时前一直进行的动作。5. 过去将来完成进行时，构成：should/would have been doing, 表从过去某时看来未来某时前一

30、直在进行的动作。英语的语态有两种，即主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，构成：动作执行者+动词（词组）+动作承受者。被动语态表主语是动作的承受者，构成：动作承受者+助动词be+过去分词+ by +动作执行者。被动语态的使用场合：强调动作承受者；动作发出者未知或不便说出；应用英语中较多使用，表客观陈述。一被动语态的形式。被动语态构 成一般现在时am/is/are done一般过去时was/were done一般将来时shall/will be done过去将来时should/would be done现在进行时am/is/are being done过去进行时was/were b

31、eing done现在完成时have/has been done过去完成时had been done将来完成时will/would have been done含有情态动词的情态动词+ be done被动语态的其他表达形式1.get +过去分词：多用于口语和非正式场合，强调动作的结果。有时带有不愉快、不顺利的含义。这种被动语态句型的否定和疑问要借助do构成。He got wounded in a battle. You might get hurt. Did you get scolded yesterday? 2. become+过去分词：强调动作的全过程。 He became accustomed to the new environment. 3. 有些短语动词在意义上相当于及物动词，也有被动语态。The children there are taken good care of. A doctor was sent for.Women are not looked down upon now.二、被动语态考点1.主动表示被动的几种情况某些可以用来表示主语内在“品质”或“性能”的