新版状语从句讲义.docx

1、新版状语从句讲义第六章 连词与状语从句连接词连接词是英语中的一个重要组成部分，它们连接英语的句子和段落，使文章流畅自然，使英语句子与句子之间，段落与段落之间的关系一目了然。中国的语法书上一般不专门涉及连接词。鉴于中国学生在应用英语（尤其是写作）的时候常常犯连接词错误，如不用连接词、在使用连接词时错用标点符号等，我觉得有必要专门讲述连接词。 英语中连接词分为两大类：连词性连接词（即连词）和副词性连接词。连词连词用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句子与句子。连词不能单独作句子成分，也没有词形变化。连词分为并列连词和从属连词两种。一、并列连词 并列连词用来连接句子中担任相同成分的词、短语或分句。常见的有七

2、个单词：and, but, or, for(因为), nor, so, yet和四个短语： bothand, not onlybut also, eitheror, neithernor1and用来连接词、短语或分句，表示并列或对称关系： The man put on his coat and hat, and went out of the office. 那个人穿上外衣、戴上帽子，走出了办公室。 A car and a dictionary are both useful. 汽车和字典都有用处。 I went home and John stayed there. 我回家了，而约翰呆在那里

3、。2but连接两个含义不同甚至相反的词、短语或分句，表示转折： Not everybody is honest and hardworking, but Tom is. 并非每个人都诚实肯干，但汤姆是的。 We tried to persuade her to do it but failed. 我们尽力说服她去做，但没有成功。3or表示两者居其一，表示选择： Which VCD player is better, this one or that one? 哪个VCD更好，这个还是那个？ Are you hungry or not? 你饿了没有？4for(因为)只能放在表示结果的分句后面，引

4、导表示原因的分句： I must be going, for its getting dark. 我必须走了，因为天黑了。 He didnt go there, for he was ill. 他没到那儿去，因为他病了。5Bothand只能用来连接两个并列的词或短语，不能连接句子： His plan is both easy and practical. 他的计划既容易又实用。 Zhang Yimou is a famous director both at home and abroad. 张艺谋是一位在国内外都著名的导演。 Both this plane and its engines a

5、re made in China. 飞机和它的发动机都是中国制造的。6Not onlybut also不但能连接词和短语，而且还能连接分句。also 有时省略。注意：not only 位于句首时，主语和谓语需要部分倒装： He is not only an actor but also a writer. 他不仅是演员，而且是作家。 He not only read it but also remembered what he had read. 他不但读过，而且记住了所读过的东西。 Not only did he say it but (also) he did it. 他不但说了，而且做了

6、。（倒装）Not only do the nurses want a pay rise, but also they want reduced hours. 护士们不但要求加工资，而且还要求缩短工时。（倒装）7Eitheror表示选择，“或者或者”、“不是.就是”的意思。注意：eitheror（整个结构作主语时）句子中的动词通常要和邻近的主语相一致。 Either you are wrong, or I am. 不是你错了，就是我错了。 Either you or he is going to get the job. 不是你就是他将获得这份工作。Can I borrow either you

7、r car or your bike? 我可以借用你的汽车或者你的自行车吗？ If youre late, you should make an apology to the host either immediately or later. 如果你迟到了，你应该立即或事后向主人道歉。8Neithernor表示“既不.又不”的意思。注意：neithernor整个结构作主语时，句子中的谓语动词通常要和邻近的主语一致： Neither the students nor I am ready yet. 学生们和我都还没有准备好。 He worked neither for fame nor for

8、money. 他干工作既不图名又不图利。 The girl could neither speak nor write the language. 这个女孩既不会说也不会写那种语言。9So(因此)，引导表示结果的分句，原因分句在前。（与for相反） Its getting dark, so I must be going. 天黑了，因此我得走了。 I had a headache, so I went to bed early last night. 我头痛，于是昨晚很早就睡了。10Yet (然而)，有时和and 一起用，表示吃惊、表示转折，相当于but at the same time, h

9、owever, nevertheless:He worked hard, yet he failed. 他很努力，然而却失败了。Its strange, yet its true. 这事有点怪，却是真的。Hes a wealthy, yet honest, businessman. 他是个富有而又诚实的商人。 It is only a little shop and yet it always has such lovely decorations. 那只是个小店，却总是有漂亮的装饰。 You can draw a good horse in five minutes, yet you kep

10、t me waiting for a year. 你能在五分钟内画出一匹好看的马，然而你让我等了一年。二、从属连词从属连词是用来引导从句的。1连词that, if, whether，连接代词what, which, who, whom, whose以及连接副词how, when, why, where可用来引导名词从句，充当主语、表语、宾语等。非正式文体中的宾语从句常省略that： I think (that) hell be back in an hour. 我认为他一小时后就会回来。 Who they are doesnt matter much. 他们是谁没什么大关系。 Can you

11、tell me where he is? 你能告诉我他在哪儿吗？ He asked me if/whether I knew John. 他问我是否认识约翰。 此外，that, which, who, whom, whose, when, why, where等还可以引导定语从句。2连词when, while, before, after, till/until, since, as soon as等引导时间状语从句： She said hello to me when she saw me. 她看到我的时候，和我打了招呼。 Ill wait here until you come back.

12、 我将在这里等你回来。3连词if, unless引导条件状语从句；because, as, since引导原因状语从句： Ill help her if she asks me to. 如果她要求我，我就帮助她。 I wont help her unless she asks me to. 除非她要求我，否则我不会帮她。 He didnt come because he was ill. 因为他病了，所以没来。 As he hasnt appeared yet, we shall start without him. 既然他还没有出现，我们就先开始吧。 Since everybody is h

13、ere, lets begin. 既然大家都到了，咱们就开始吧。4连词in order than, so that引导目的状语从句；sothat引导结果状语从句： I locked the door in order that we might continue our discussions undisturbed. = I locked the door in order to continue our discussions undisturbed.) 我把门锁上了，以便我们可以继续讨论而不受打扰。 The car ran so fast that I couldnt see who w

14、as in it. 汽车跑得那么快，我没看清谁坐在里面。5连词than, asas, not as/soas用来引导比较状语从句： He is better educated than his brother. 他比他兄弟受的教育好。 He is as well educated as his brother. 他和他兄弟受的教育一样好。 He is not as/so well educated as his brother. 他没有他兄弟受的教育好。6连词although, though 引导让步状语从句；where, wherever 引导地点状语从句： Ill go wherever

15、you go. 不管你去哪儿，我就去那儿。 Stay where you are! 原地别动！ Though/Although she is rich, shes not happy. 尽管她富有，但她并不幸福。一般来说，连词性质的连接词连接两个分句或引导一个从句，两个分句或主从复合句之间用逗号连接。副词性连接词副词性质的连接词不能象连词一样分句或主从复合句之间用逗号连接。也就是说它们不能连接两个分句或引导从句。它们引导的句子与前面的句子之间要用分号或句号，而它们与引导的句子之间往往用逗号。副词性质的连接词在写作中常常使用，主要分为以下几类：1表示顺序的，如first, in the firs

16、t place, then, finally, in the end等等。尤其要注意then. 如： 误：He graduated from college in 2003, then he found a job. 正：He graduated from college in 2003, and then he found a job. He graduated from college in 2003. Then he found a job.2表示递进关系的，如in addition, what is more, furthermore, moreover等。注意in addition

17、与in addition to 的区别：in addition 是副词性质；而in addition to 是介词性质，后面必须接宾语。3表示转折关系的，如 however, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the contrary, in contrast, 等等。要注意不要把however 当成连词： 误：In 2003, the United States launched the war on Iraq on account of Iraq possessing weapons of mass destruction (WMD), however, no W

18、MD has been found in Iraq so far. 正：In 2003, the United States launched the war on Iraq on account of Iraq possessing weapons of mass destruction (WMD). However, no WMD has been found in Iraq so far. In 2003, the United States launched the war on Iraq on account of Iraq possessing weapons of mass de

19、struction (WMD). No WMD, however, has been found in Iraq so far.4表示结果的，如therefore, consequently, thus, hence, as a result等。尤其要注意therefore, thus等不是连词以及hence的用法。如：I am busy today, so can you come tomorrow? Ive never been to Spain. Therefore, I dont know much about it. The town was built on the side of

20、 the hill, hence the name Hillside.5举例的，如for example, for instance, takefor example等。注意，for example, for instance 是副词性质，举例说明时，前面要用句号；takefor example本身是一个句子结构。 He has been very helpful to me. For example, he would offer to lend me money whenever I am in need.6表示条件的，意思为“否则”，如or, otherwise等，注意它们不是连词。 P

21、ut down your arms and put up your hands. Or/Otherwise I will shoot you. 放下武器，举起手来，否则我就开枪。 当然，or 有时表示选择（相当于eitheror省略了either）： Put down your arms, or get killed. 要么放下武器，要么找死。状 语 从 句1 地点状语从句地点状语从句通常由where, wherever，everywhere,anywhere引导。例如：Where I live there are plenty of trees. 我住的地方树很多。Wherever I am

22、 I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都会想到你。 Where there is a will,there is a way.注意：Where 引导的究竟是地点状语从句还是定语从句区别于：地点状语从句没有先行词，而定语从句有先行词。例如：The Winter Olympic Games are always held where there is plenty of snow. The Winter Olympic Games are always held in the countries where there is plenty of snow.2. 方式

23、状语从句 方式状语从句通常由as, （just） asso, as if, as though,the way引导。1）as, （just） asso引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但当（just） asso结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是正如，就像，多用于正式文体。例如：Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。 As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。 Just as we sweep our rooms,

24、so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds. 正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。2）as if, as though两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作仿佛似的，好像似的。例如：They completely ignore these facts as if （as though） they never existed. 他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）He looks as if

25、（as though） he had been hit by lighting. 他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。） It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语。例如：He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。 He cleared his throat as if to

26、say something. 他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。 The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger. 波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。3）the way 意为“.的方式、样子”， 相当于 the way (that/in which)引导的定语从句。例如：Pay attention to your table manners. I dont like the way (that)you eat soup. 注意你的餐桌礼节。我不喜欢你喝汤的样子。3 原因状语从句原因状语从句通常由 because, as, since, now that, in

27、that, not thatbut that,considering that, for the reason that, because of the fact that, owing to the fact that, due to the fact that等引导。比较because, since, as和for： because语气最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。但当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。例如：I didnt go, because I was afraid. 我不去是因为我怕。Since /As the weather is so

28、 bad, we have to delay our journey. 天气那么糟，旅行推迟了。because表示从句和主句之间有着必然的因果关系，全句重点在从句上经常放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。例如：He is absent today, because / for he is ill. 他今天缺席，因为他病了。He must be ill, for he is absent today. 他一定病了，所以今天缺席。 在 it is/was .that.的强调句中，强调的原因状语从句用because引导。例如：I

29、t is because she is too inexperienced that she does not know how to deal with the situation. 就是因为她太没经验，所以她不知道如何处置这种状况。 意 义词 性位 置because因为强调未知原因从属连词可前置或后置since既然表示已知的、显然的原因从属连词常前置as由于从属连词可前置或后置for因为解释、说明、常用于推断并列连词逗号后4 目的状语从句 表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导，这

30、类从句中常常用情态动词may/might, can/could, should等例如：You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. 你必须大点声，别人就能听见了。 He wrote the name down for fear that/ lest he should forget it. 他写下了这个名字以免以后忘记。 Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. 最好多穿点衣服，以防天发冷。1）so that 引导的从句只能放在主句后，

31、in order that 引导的从句位置可前可后。例如：In order that I wont get stuck in the traffic, I am going to make an early start tomorrow. 为了不被交通给堵住，我打算明天早点开始。2）注意区别so that 引导的是目的状语从句还是结果状语从句，关键是看从句中有无情态动词，有就是目的状语从句； 若从句谓语不用情态动词，多用过去式，则该从句为结果状语从句。 例如：I always write so carefully that I may make my meaning clear. （目的） I always write so carefully that I make my meaning clear. （结果）3）in case, for fear that, lest所引导的目的状语从句中，动词可以用虚拟语气 (should)+动词原形；也可以不用虚拟语气，用动词一般现在时或一般过去时。 例如：He studied hard lest/ in case/ for fear that he (should) fail in the examination. 他努力学习，唯恐考试失败。5 结