汽车差速器中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

1、汽车差速器中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Failure analysis of an automobile differential pinion shaftAbstract Differential is used to decrease the speed and to provide moment increase for transmitting the movement coming from the engine to the wheels by turning it according to the suitable angle in veh

2、icles and to provide that inner and outer wheels turn differently. Pinion gear and shaft at the entrance are manufactured as a single part whereas they are in different forms according to automobile types. Mirror gear which will work with this gear should become familiar before the assembly. In case

3、 of any breakdown, they should be changed as a pair. Generally, in these systems there are wear damages in gears. The gear inspected in this study has damage as a form of shaft fracture. In this study, failure analysis of the differential pinion shaft is carried out. Mechanical characteristics of th

4、e material are obtained first. Then, the microstructure and chemical compositions are determined. Some fractographic studies are 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Keywords: Differential; Fracture; Power transfer; Pinion shaft1. IntroductionThe final-drive gears may be directly or indirectly dri

5、ven from the output gearing of the gearbox. Directly driven final drives are used when the engine and transmission units are combined together to form an integral construction. Indirectly driven final drives are used at the rear of the vehicle being either sprung and attached to the body structure o

6、r unsprung and incorporated in the rear-axle casing. The final-drive gears are used in the transmission system for the following reasons 1: (a) to redirect the drive from the gearbox or propeller shaft through 90and, (b) to provide a permanent gear reduction between the engine and the driving road-w

7、heels. In vehicles, differential is the main part which transmits the movement coming from the engine to the wheels On a smooth road, the movement comes to both wheels evenly. The inner wheel should turn less and the outer wheel should turn more to do the turning without lateral slipping and being f

8、lung. Differential, which is generally placed in the middle part of the rear bridge, consists of pinion gear, mirror gear, differential box, two axle gear and two pinion spider gears. A schematic illustration of a differential is given in Fig, 1. The technical drawing of pinion the fractured pinion

9、shaft is also given in Fig, 2, Fig. 3 shows the photograph of the fractured pinion shaft and the fracture section is indicated. In differentials, mirror and pinion gear are made to get used to each other during manufacturing and the same serial number is given. Both of them are changed on condition

10、that there are any problems. In these systems, the common damage is the wear of gears 2-4. In this study, the pinion shaft of the differential of a minibus has been inspected. The minibus is a diesel vehicle driven at the rear axle and has a passenger capacity of 15 people. Maximum engine power is 9

11、0/4000 HP/rpm, and maximum torque is 205/1600 Nm/rpm. Its transmission box has manual system (5 forward, 1 back). The damage was caused by stopping and starting the minibus at a traffic lights. In this differential, entrance shaft which carries the pinion gear was broken. Various studies have been m

12、ade to determine the type and possible reasons of the damage. These are: studies carried out to determine the material of the shaft; studies carried out to determine the micro-structure; studies related to the fracture surface. There is a closer photograph of the fractured surfaces and fracture area

13、 in Fig. 4. The fracture was caused by taking out circular mark gear seen in the middle of surfaces.2. Experimental procedure Specimens extracted from the shaft were subjected to various tests including hardness tests and metallographic and scanning electron microscopy as well as the determination o

14、f chemical composition. All tests were carried out at room temperature.2.1 Chemical and metallurgical analysis Chemical analysis of the fractured differential material was carried out using a spectrometer. The chemical composition of the material is given in Table 1. Chemical composition shows that

15、the material is a lowalloy carburizing steel of the AISI 8620 type. Hardenability of this steel is very low because of low carbon proportion. Therefore, surface area becomes hard and highly enduring, and inner areas becomes tough by increasing carbon proportion on the surface area with cementation o

16、peration. This is the kind of steel which is generally used in mechanical parts subjected do torsion and bending. High resistance is obtained on the surface and high fatigue endurance value can be obtained with compressive residual stress by making the surface harder 5-7. In which alloy elements dis

17、tribute themselves in carbon steels depends primarily on the compound and carbide forming tendencies of each element. Nickel dissolves in the ferrite of the steel since it has less tendency to form carbides than iron Silicon combines to a limited extent with the oxygen present in the steel to form n

18、onmetallic inclusions but otherwise dissolves in the ferrite. Most of the manganese added to carbon steels dissolves in the ferrite. Chromium, which has a somewhat stronger carbide-forming depends on the iron, partitions between the ferrite and carbide phases. The distribution of chromium depends on

19、 the amount of carbon present and if other stronger carbide-forming elements such as titanium and columbium amount of carbon present and if other stronger carbide-forming elements such as titanium and columbium are absent. Tungsten and molybdenum combine with carbon to form carbides is there is suff

20、icient carbon present and if other stronger carbide-forming elements such da titanium and columbium are absent. Manganese and nickel lower the eutectoid temperature 8. Preliminary micro structural examination of the failed differential material is shown in Fig. 5. It can be seen that the material ha

21、s a mixed structure in which some ferrite exist probably as a result of slow cooling and high Si content. High Si content in this type of steel improves the heat treatment susceptibility as well asan improvement of yield strength and maximum stress without any reduction of ductility 9. If the micro-

22、structure cannot be inverted to martensite by quenching, a reduction of fatigue limit is observed. There are areas with carbon phase in Fig. 5(a). There is the transition boundary of carburization in Fig. 5(b) and (c) shows the matrix region without carburization. As far as it is seen in there photo

23、graphs, the piece was first carburized, then the quenching operation was done than tempered. This situation can be understood from blind martensite plates.2.2 Hardness tests The hardness measurements are carried out by a MetTest-HT type computer integrated hardness tester. The load is 1471 N. The me

24、dium hardness value of the interior regions is obtained as obtained as 43 HRC. Micro hard-ness measurements have been made to determine the chance of hardness values along cross-section be-cause of the hardening of surface area due to carburization. The results of Vickers hardness measurement under

25、a load of 4.903 N are illustrated in Table 2.2.3 Inspection of the fracture The direct observations of the piece with fractured surfaces and SEM analyses are given in this chapter. The crack started because of a possible problem in the bottom of notch caused the shaft to be broken completely. The cr

26、ack started on the outer part, after some time it continued beyond the centre and there was only a little part left. And this part was broken statically during sudden starting of the vehicle at the traffic lights. As a characteristic of the fatigue , there are two regions in the fractured surface. T

27、hese are a smooth surface created by crack propagation and a rough surface created by sudden fracture. These two regions can be seen clearly for the entire problem as in Fig. 4. The fatigue crack propagation region covers more than 80% of the cross-section. Shaft works under the effect of bending, t

28、orsion and axial forces which affect repeatedly depending on the usage place. There is a sharp fillet at level on the fractured section. For this reason, stress concentration factors of the area have been determined. Kt = 2.4 value (for bending and tension), and Kt = 1.9 value (for torsion) have bee

29、n acquired according to calculations. These are quite high values for areas exposed to combined loading. These observations and analysis show that the piece was broken under the influence of torsion with low nominal stresses electron microscopy shows that the fracture has taken place in a ductile ma

30、nner (Fig.6). There are some shear lips in the crack propagation region which is a glue of the plastic shear deformations. Fig. 7 shows the beach marks of the fatigue crack propagation. The distance between any lines is nearly 133 nm.3. Conclusions A failed differential pinion shaft is analysed in t

31、his study. The pinion shaft is produced from AISI 8620 low carbon carburising steel which had a carbursing, quenching and tempering heat treatment process. Mechanical properties, micro structural properties, chemical compositions and fractographic analyses are carried out to determine the possible f

32、racture reasons of the component. As a conclusion, the following statements can be drawn: The fracture has taken place at a region having a high stress concentration by a fatigue procedure under a combined bending, torsion and axial stresses having highly reversible nature. The crack of the fracture is initiated probably at a material defect region at the critical location. The fracture is taken place in a ductile manner. Possible later failures may easily be prevented by reducing the stress concentration at the critical locationAcknowledgement The author is very ind