论文模版.docx

1、论文模版（ 2011 届）题 目 模糊限制语视角下的女性话语特征分析 学 院 外国语学院 专 业 英 语 班 级 英 语071 学 号 * 学生姓名 夏菁菁 指导教师 周红 完成日期 教 务 处 制 二o 一 一年 五 月 十 八 日Analysis of Characteristics of Female Utterance from the Prospective of HedgesA Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the B.A. Degree in English Language and L

2、iteratureByXia Jing-jingSupervisor: Zhou HongAcademic Title: ProfessorCollege of Foreign LanguagesMay 18, 2011诚 信 声 明我声明，所呈交的论文(设计)是本人在老师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。据我查证，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文(设计)中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包含为获得或其他教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。我承诺，论文(设计)中的所有内容均真实、可信。论文(设计)作者签名： 签名日期： 年 月 日授 权 声 明学校有权保留送交论文（设计

3、）的原件，允许论文（设计）被查阅和借阅，学校可以公布论文（设计）的全部或部分内容，可以影印、缩印或其他复制手段保存论文（设计），学校必须严格按照授权对论文(设计)进行处理，不得超越授权对论文（设计）进行任意处置。 论文(设计)作者签名： 签名日期： 年 月 日摘要 作为模糊语言家族的一个组成部分，模糊限制语是其中最普遍、最典型的、最具研究价值的语言现象。研究表明，与男性相比，女性更倾向于高频率地使用模糊限制语，因此，模糊限制语已成为女性话语的一个重要特征。本文首先以2009年，2010年奥斯卡奖项以及2010年MTV这三场国际性影视颁奖典礼上女性获奖感言为语料，着重分析获奖感言中女性使用模糊限

4、制语的原因：生理因素，心理因素，言语话题需要，工作性质，探究模糊限制语在女性话语中的语用功能，合理地使用模糊限制语可以使得会话更加精确，同时展示说话人的礼貌，保护自我，展示自我，使读者了解到模糊限制语在女性话语中发挥着不可忽视的意义。关键词：模糊限制语; 女性话语; 原因; 语用功能AbstractAs a part of the fuzzy language, hedges are the most common, typical, and of most worthy researching in all of the language phenomena. It shows that f

5、emale, compared with male, tend to make use of hedges frequently. Therefore, hedges have become a distinguishing feature in the female utterance. Based on the females speech on several award presentation ceremonies of international film and television circles, this thesis emphatically looks into the

6、 factors of hedges in the female utterance, namely physiological factor, psychological factor, the factor of utterance topic, and the factor of working environment, analyzes the pragmatic functions of hedges in the female utterance .The appropriate use of hedge in female utterance is able to achieve

7、 the relative precision of communication, show courtesy, protect herself and present herself, which makes readers aware of the hedges greater influence in the female utterance.Key Words: hedges; female utterance; factors; pragmatic functionsContents1. Introduction.12. Hedges.2 2.1 The Definition of

8、Hedges2 2.2 The Classification of Hedges.2 2.3 The Structure of Hedges.33. Analysis of Material .44. The Factors for Hedges Used Frequently in Female Utterance.5 4.1 Physiological Factor.6 4.2 Psychological Factor.6 4.3 The Factor of Utterance Topic .7 4.4 The Factor of Working Environment85. The Pr

9、agmatic Functions of Hedges.9 5.1 The Relative Precision of Communication.9 5.2 Showing Courtesy.10 5.3 Self-protection & Self-presenting.116. Conclusion.12Bibliography.13Acknowledgements141 Introduction a cybernetics expert of the University of California in the United States in 1965, published a t

10、hesis Fuzzy Sets on the magazine of Information and Control in proposing the famous fuzzy theory, which was of epoch-making significance of the science age. In 1972, an American linguist, G. Lakoff, announced a thesis named Hedges: a study in meaning criteria and the logic of fuzzy concepts. It is t

11、he first time to bring about the term Hedges and definite it “words whose job is to make things fuzzier or less fuzzy”. In 1975, Lakoff pointed out that some language characters appear more frequently in female utterance than in males. Then he called this language phenomenon womens language or featu

12、res. In fact, hedges are one of the distinct characters among the womens language or features. Professor Wu Tiepin launched a paper First Exploration of Vague Language on the forth issue Foreign Language, marking the beginning of vague language in China. Since a number of language linguists have eng

13、aged in the study, vague language has become an emerging and frontier science. With the development of fuzzy linguistics at home and abroad, hedges are also stepping into a new stage both in theory and in application. However, although many Chinese linguists do a lot work of the hedges appliances, h

14、edges in female utterance characters are shortage of formation of in-depth and systematic research. In these years, lots of linguistics are tied up with female from the aspect of hedges. Shui Miao (2008) analyzed the functions of exactness, interpersonal relationship ,flexibility and misconception o

15、f gender differences on hedges, and also discussed the reasons of hedges in female utterance. But she failed to connect the practical materials with hedges. Zhang Xiaohui (2009) owes this character to women low society status, which appears to be far more than to explain this phenomenon completely.

16、Taking the example of Pride and Prejudice, Wang Peng and Sun Feiran (2009) discussed the pragmatic functions and reasons of hedges in female utterance and stated that hedges have interpersonal coordination, dissemblance and protection as well as refinement and courtesy functions. It seems lacking in

17、 enough evidence for women frequent use of hedge in practice. If we want to search into the use of hedges in female utterance, the best method is to combine the theory with oral practice.2. Hedges2.1 The definition of hedgesAs for the definition of hedges, different language linguists have different

18、 explanations. The term, hedges, was firstly defined as “words whose job is to make things fuzzier or less fuzzy” by Lakoff in 1972.The notion of hedges is just some uncertain conception or restrictive phases on the discipline pragmatics and discourse analysis in Cristals (1997:170) Modern Linguisti

19、c Dictionary .Verschueren (1999:193) held the view that hedges limited the prepositional content directly, namely evaluating preposition attitudes, congnition or proof attitudes in the direct way, at the same time showing metapragmatic awareness. Weinreich(1996) called hedges metapragmatic operation

20、 language, such as true, real. Yule (1996) defined “the cautious comprehending expression of how are the words understood ” in his book Pragmatics, like “as far as I know” ,this word providing certain information for us.Personally, the author prefers the definition of hedges given by Li Qianju in hi

21、s book Vague Semantics Introduction: hedges are attached to the clear meaning words or expressions, which can change original, certain conception to vagueness. As a matter of fact, hedges are not only words, phases, but also some composite structure and minor sentence . We can totally call them hedg

22、es. 2.2 The classification of hedgesAccording to different standards, there are a variety of classifications of hedges that linguists put forward. Four types appears originally in reseach: some adjectives and adverbs; like some suffixes ish, -likely, -ly , once they are added to words, these words m

23、ay become hedges; some words indicate speakers hesitation or uncertainty, acting as adverbials of manner or adverbials of degree; when someone expresses oneself, he /she makes use of sentence structure in order to show more polite. Kasper (1981) regarded hedges as downgrader: face marker, such as “p

24、lease”, “could”; understater, like “a little”; subjectivizer,like “im afraid”; downtoner, such as “probably” , “maybe”; cajoler, like “you know”; appealer, like “right”; hesitation marker, like “well”; limiter, like “this weekend”. In our country, according to He Zirans research, hedges consist of a

25、pproximations and shields. From the board semantic characters, Chen Linhua (1994) divides hedges into five types: degree, range, quality, quantity and manner. Semantic hedges and pragmatic hedges under the degree of hedges depending on contexts make up of hedges proposed by Gao Xiaofang and Zhang Qi

26、n. Whats more, Zhao Yinglin classifies hedges of science and technology language into three parts: accuracy-oriented hedges, author-oriented hedges and reader-oriented hedges in accordance with hedges functions and restrictive range.However, so far the most influential and widely recognized one is p

27、roposed by E. F. Prince and his colleagues, J. Frader and C. Bosk from the point of pragmatics. Adaptors Approximators RoundersHedges Plausibility shields Shields Attribution shields2.3 The structure of hedgesApproximators can alter the original meaning of discourse structure, or make some changes o

28、f the original words to some extend based on the practical situation, or give a fluctuating range to the original words. Adaptors are those that can reveal the true extent of differences in discourse, while rounders are those that limit fluctuating range. On the contrary, shields dont change the ori

29、ginal meaning of discourse structure. It is just addition of an explanation which makes original affirmative tone towards relaxation. Plausibility are those speakers pluzz or doubt the theme, while shields shows speakers uncertainty of the theme, but it borrows the third persons opinion in order to

30、express oneself indirectly. HedgesApproximatorsShieldsAdaptorsRoundersPlausibilityAttributionKind ofSort of A little bit ReallySomewhatVery Quite AlmostJustCommonlyIn a senseMore or lessEspeciallyMuchSlightlyHighlyTo some extentAboutAroundRoughlyapproximatelyOverSomething betweenA lot of Or soAt mostAt leastManySeldom SeveralMostSometimesStrictly speakingVirtuallyRegularPracticallyActuallyTechnicallyIn some aspects RelativelyessentiallyLess than/more thanI thinkI believeI guessI supposeI suspectI wonderI hope I knowHard to sayAs far as I can tellAs far as I knowProbablySe