第16讲介词和介词短语.docx

1、第16讲 介词和介词短语第16讲 介词和介词短语【基础题组】1. Sean has formed the habit of jogging _the treelined avenue for two hours every day. 2. You cant expect to succeed if you attempt tasks _ your ability.3. Located _the eastern coast of the sea, the village is fairly new _only a small population of less than 3,000.4. Th

2、e train leaves at 6:00 pm. So I have to be at the station _ 5:40 pm at the latest.5. Mr. Black will visit our new school building _ two days.6. _ the end of last spring Wang Hai joined the army _ the end.7. Do you go there _ bus? No, we go there _ a train. 8. The coat was made _ hand, not _ a machin

3、e. 9. The Smiths are praised _ the way they bring up their children. 10. It was a real race time to get the project done. Luckily, we made it.11. She surprised us all when she resigned so suddenly, _ （consider）she had worked here for more than twenty years.12. I have an appointment Dr. Smith, but I

4、need to change it. 13. A serious study of physics is impossible some knowledge of mathematics.14. Before you pay a visit to a place of interest, look in your local library a book about it.15. Many people who live along the coast make a living _ fishing industry.16. When you drive through the Redwood

5、 Forests in California, you will be _ trees that are over 1, 000 years old.1-5 along; above; on, with; by; in6-10 At, in; by, in; by, with; for; against11-16 considering; with; without; for; in; among 【语法点梳理】 【知识梳理1】介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词，在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句作它的宾语。普通介词（如：at,

6、by, for, in, over, to, up等）简单介词：由一个单词构成。 合成介词（如：into, within, without等）分词介词（如：concerning, considering等）双重介词：是由两个简单的介词重叠使用而构成的。（如：from among等）短语介词：两个或两个以上的词所组成的短语构成的，一般来说，这个短语的最后一个词是简单介词。（如：in case of, according to, out of, because of, by means of, in spite of, instead of等） 按意义和用法可以将介词分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介

7、词、原因介词和其他介词。考查比较多的是方位介词、时间介词、工具/手段/方式介词以及相关的介词短语。1. 方位介词在英语中，有许多表示事物存在的方向和位置的介词，我们称之为方位介词。如in（在里），behind (在后面)，down (向下)等2. 时间介词介词用法举例说明at1.时间点，时刻等。2.年龄。3.表示较短暂的一段时间，可指某个节日或被认为是一年中标志大事的日子。at 12:00, at noon, at night, at midnight, at noon, at dawn, at the end of, at that time, at the beginning of, at

8、 the age of, at Christmas, at New Year当时间名词前有this, that,last, next,some, every等词限定时，通常不用任何介词。on1.表示具体的日子或者一个特定的时间，如：某日、某节日、星期几等。2.表示特定的上午、下午或晚上。on October the first,on Monday,on Christmas morning ,on a warm morning,on the morning of October 31stin1.表示在某个较长的时间内（如：世纪、朝代、年代、月及泛指上午、下午、傍晚等）。2.表示在一段时间之后。i

9、n the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in October, in 1998, in summer, in the 1980s, in the past, in the futurein和after1.in表时间，通常表示“在时间之内”，有时in还有表示“在时间之后”的意思，但表示此意时，必须具备两个条件：所修饰的动词必须表将来；后面必须是一段时间。这两个条件缺一不可，否则就用after或later。2.after表时间，意为“在之后”，通常“after+时间段”与过去时连用；“after+时间点”与将来时连用。Well be bac

10、k in three days.My father will come back after 3 oclock.My father came back after 3 days/3 days later. in+一段时间after+某个时间点/一段时间for,from和sinceA. for 表示行为或状态持续了多久。B. since表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程，常与现在完成时连用。C. from表示从时间的某一点开始，不涉及与现在的关系。一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。I hope to do morning exercises from today.We have not seen

11、 each other since 1995.He has lived here for 30 years.since强调行为或状态从起点开始一直持续到现在，常与延续性动词的现在完成时连用。3. 工具、手段、方式介词介词用法说明by, in, on三词都表示旅行的方式1.不涉及交通工具的名词时用by，名词前不带冠词，如：by sea, by water, by land, by rail, by air。2.涉及交通工具的名词时用by，但名词须用单数，其前面不加冠词或任何修饰语，如：by bike, by taxi。3.当旅行方式涉及确定特指的交通工具时，用on或in，名词前应有冠词、物主代词

12、、指示代词等修饰语，如：in this plane, on my bike。步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on。如：on foot, on horseback/on a horse,on the camel。with, by, in三词均可译为“用”，表示行为的工具、手段或方式1.with用于有形的工具或身体某些器官之前，其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。They are digging with a spade.We see with our eyes, hear with our ears, and walk with our legs.2.by, in, on, over, through等多

13、用于无形的工具或方式、手段之前，如：by hand, in ink, on the telephone, over the radio, through the telescope。使用语言、原料、材料时用介词in，如：in English/Japanese;in blue ink。表达用“方法/方式”时，所用介词分别为：in this/that/the same way, by means of, by this/that means, with this/that method。on, in, by后跟身体部位hit sb in the face打某人的脸；take sb by the a

14、rm/hand抓住某人的胳膊/手；pat sb on the shoulder拍某人的肩；hit sb on the head打某人的头。在该结构中，不能用物主代词替代定冠词，常用于该结构的动词有pat, strike, beat, hit, catch, put, take等。【知识梳理2】 1. 介词at, from, in, on, under的常见表达 介词短语atat dawn在黎明 at daybreak拂晓 at sunrise日出时 at sunset/sundown日落时at noon在中午 at dusk在黄昏 at night在夜晚 at home在家at table在用

15、餐 at school在上学 at college在上大学 at risk有危险，冒危险at last最后 at rest静止不动fromfrom memory凭记忆 from cover to cover从头至尾from day to day日复一日 from beginning to end从头到尾from head to foot从头到脚inin tears热泪盈眶 in fear在恐惧中 in need被需要 in silence静静地in danger在危险中 in peace和平相处 in safety很安全 in love热恋中 in public在公共场所 in doubt有疑

16、问 in print在印刷 in flower在开花 in good order很整齐 in good health身体好 in a fever在发烧 in a hurry匆忙in high/poor/bad spirits情绪高涨/低落onon guard在执勤 on leave在休假 on strike在罢工 on sale出售on business在出差 on show在上映 on watch 站岗/放哨 on fire在着火 on a visit在访问 on holiday/vacation在度假underunder discussion在讨论中 under development在发

17、展中 under observation在观察中 under test在被测试 under construction在建设中 under fire在炮火中under examination在检查(调查)中 under consideration在考虑中under repair在修理中2. 常见介词的活用by, with, against, over, on, in, at, besides, for等是常考的介词，掌握这些介词的用法和意义、准确把握句子语境是解题的关键。下面是近几年高考考查最多的几个介词，应重点掌握：介词意义例句over1.表位置，意为“在上方，越过；遮住，盖住”；2.表时间，

18、意为“在期间，(多年)以来”等；3.“在(问题)上，对(某事)”等引申意义。You cant wear a blue jacket over that shirtitll look terrible.你不能在那件衬衣外面再穿上蓝色的夹克太难看了。We had a pleasant chat over a cup of tea.我们一边喝茶一边愉快地交谈。We heard it over the radio.我们从广播中听到了它。by1.在旁，靠近；2.乘(车、船等)；3.不迟于，到为止；4.被，由；5.根据，按照(关系)；6.通过方式；7.表示增加或减少的程度。by构成的常见短语有：by an

19、d by不久，迟早 by and large大体上by oneself单独 by the way顺便说说by far 得多，最 by chance碰巧 by accident偶然地 by means of借助by no means绝不，一点也不 by mistake错误地It takes a long time to go there by train; its quicker by road.乘火车去那儿要花很长时间，走公路更快点儿。The man entered the room by the back door.那个人由后门进入了房间。Milk is sold by the pint,

20、butter by the pound, and eggs by the dozen.牛奶论品脱卖，黄油论磅卖，蛋类论打卖。The water in the river rose by two meters.河里面的水升高了两米。withA. 带有，拥有；B. 随着；C. 就来说；D. 用，以；E. 和，与；F. 对于，关于；G. 表示原因。Temperatures vary with the time of the year.温度随着时节而变化。The waiter arrived with a cup of coffee.服务员端着一杯咖啡进来了。He looked at me with

21、a frown.他皱着眉头看我。She trembled with cold.她冷得哆嗦。He turned red with anger.他气得脸变红了。beyond1.(时间)过了，比晚，迟于；2.(位置)在那边，超出之外；3.(范围)超过，为所不及，超出的范围。They arrived beyond 9 oclock.他们过了9:00才到。The book is beyond me.这本书我看不懂。Tom is far beyond his elder brother in Maths.汤姆的数学比他哥哥的好多了。3. 表示“除之外”的几组常用介词比较（1）besides “除以外，(还

22、有)”。作副词时意思是“而且，更何况”。如：It was too late to see a film, and besides, I was tired.（2）except“除去，除之外(不再有)”。如：We all went except John.在否定句中，与besides可以换用，如：He has no other hats except/besides this one.（3）except for“除了(对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明)”后接名词、代词或what从句，此时与except that+句子意思相同。如：He was very clever except for car

23、elessness.（4）except that.“除了一点以外”。如：He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.（5）but和except在表示“除了以外”时可以通用，但应注意以下三点：前面有不定代词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用but。如：All but one are here. Nobody but I likes making model ships.后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用but。如：He has nothing to do but wait.(前有do,后省to)。but与一些固定结构连用。have

24、 no choice but to do sth.别无选择而不得不做某事，can not but do sth.不得不，can not help but do sth.不得不，but for. 要不是4. 表原因的介词短语because of, due to, thanks to表原因的介词短语意义例句because of因为，由于，通常作状语，位于句首或句中。The sports meet will be put off till next Saturday because of the heavy rain.由于大雨这次运动会将推迟到下星期六举行。due to由于，因为，通常作表语。His

25、 illness was due to smoking and drinking.他的病是由于抽烟和喝酒而引起的。thanks to幸亏，多亏，既可用于褒义，又可用于贬义，多用于句首。Thanks to your help, we finished the project on time.多亏了你的帮助，我们按时完成了任务。5. of抽象名词形容词ofgreat/much抽象名词very形容词；ofno抽象名词not形容词。如：It is of great/much value.It is very valuable.The camel is of great help to the Arab

26、.The camel is very helpful to the Arab.He is twenty years of age.He is twenty years old.6. to与情感名词连用，表示“某种行动后产生的感觉” toonesto the of sb.这种表达法表示结果，用作状语，位置前、中、后皆可。为了强调，可在前面加much，意为“使某人的是”。如：Much to my surprise, he left without a word. 使我非常吃惊的是，他没说一句话就离开了。7. 介词与某些词类的搭配1. 名词与介词的固定搭配（1）要求接介词to的名词：key, ans

27、wer, visit, apology, introduction, attitude等。（2）要求接介词in的名词：interest, satisfaction, expert等。（3）要求接介词on的名词：mercy, congratulation,effect等。（4）要求接其他介词的名词：prize for, respect for, victory over, struggle with,excuse for, for fear of等。2. 形容词与介词的固定搭配（1）要求接介词at的形容词：angry, good, bad, clever, surprised, excited,

28、 puzzled, frightened等。（2）要求接介词of的形容词：afraid, sure, certain, full, fond, proud, worthy等。（3）要求接介词with的形容词：angry, strict, careful, busy, popular等。（4）要求接介词in的形容词：weak, rich, interested, successful等。（5）要求接介词to的形容词：next, polite, kind, cruel, rude, close, similar, due等。（6）要求接介词for的形容词：sorry, famous, fit, u

29、nfit, eager, anxious, hungry等。 （7）要求接介词from的形容词：far, different, free, safe, absent等。（8）要求接介词about的形容词：worried, anxious, careful, sure, certain等。 【知识梳理3】高考常见的介词短语归纳1. in the event of 倘若2. in the case of 就而言3. on account of 由于4. on top of 除了5. in case/in case of 以防万一6. as long as 只要7. as though/as if

30、好像8. in that 因为9. in the wake of 随着而来10. in decline 减少、衰退11. in effect 实际上12. in turn 轮流、转而13. in vain 徒劳14. in contrast 相反的15. on the contrary 相反地16. by accident 偶然17. by design 故意18. on purpose 故意 19. at random 随意20. on average 平均21. in view of 鉴于22. in favor of 支持23. in terms of 就而言24. in preference to 优先25. in reference with 关于26. with reference to 关于27. regardless of 不管、不顾28. on con