合同法第二次重述中英文.docx

1、合同法第二次重述中英文RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONTRACTS合同法第二次重述Chapter 1MEANING OF TERMS第一章 合同条款的含义1. CONTRACT DEFINEDA contract is a promise or a set of promises for the breach of which the law gives a remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes as a duty.1.合同指的是一个允诺或一组允诺，如果违反此允诺，则法律给与救

2、济；如果 其履行了允诺，则法律以某种方式将其视为一项义务。2. PROMISE; PROMISOR; PROMISEE.(1) A promise is a manifestation of intention to act or refrain from acting in a specified way, so made as to justify a promisee in understanding that a commitment has been made.(2) The person manifesting the intention is the promisor.(3) T

3、he person to whom the manifestation is addressed is the promisee.(4) Where performance will benefits a person other than the promisee, that person is beneficiary.2. 允诺；允诺人；受允诺人（1）允诺就是以特定方式实施或禁止实施某种行为的意思表示，这种意思表示 使受允诺人正当地认为一个允诺已经作出。 （2）作出该意思表示的人是允诺人（3）该意思表示所指向的人为受允诺人。（4）如果该允诺的履行使除受允诺人之外的他人获利，则该人为受益人。

4、3. AGREEMENT DEFINED; BARGAIN DEFINEDAn agreement is a manifestation of mutual assent on the part of two or more persons. A bargain is an agreement to exchange promises or to exchange a promise for a performance or to exchange performances.3. 协议的定义；交易磋商约定的定义 一个协议就是两个或两个以上的人一致的意思表示。一个交易磋商约定是为允诺与允诺之间的

5、交换，或为允诺与义务履行的交换，或为义务履行之间的交换而达成的协议。 4. How a Promise May Be Made4. 允诺如何作出A promise may be stated in words either oral or written, or may be inferred w holly or partly from conduct.一个允诺可以用口头言词或书面文字作出，也可以完全或部分地从行为中推断 而得。5. Terms of Promise, Agreement, or Contract(1) A term of promise or agreement is th

6、at portion of the intention or assent manifested which relates to a particular matter.(2) A term of contract is that portion of the legal relations resulting from the promise or set of promises which relates to a particular matter, whether or not the parties manifest an intention to create those rel

7、ations.5. 允诺，协议或合同的条件（1）允诺或协议的条件就是当事人就特定的事项表示了部分的缔约意图或对缔 约的赞同。（2）合同的条件就是由于当事人就特定事项作出了一个或一系列的允诺，由此 引起他们之间部分法律关系的存在，不管当事人是否作出意思表示要建立这些 法律关系。6. Formal ContractsThe following types of contracts are subject in some respects to special rules that depend on their formal characteristics and differ from thos

8、e governing contracts in general:(1) Contracts under seal, (2) Recognizances,(3) Negotiable instruments and documents, (4) Letters of credit.6. 要式合同下列类型的合同根据其形式上的特征，在某些方面受不同于一般合同规则的法 律规则的调整：（1） 盖印合同（2）保证书（3）可流通票据和单据（4）信用证7. Voidable contractsA voidable contract is one where one or more parties have

9、the power, by a manifestation of election to do so, to avoid the legal relations created by the contract, or by ratification of the contract to extinguish the power of avoidance.7.可撤消的合同 如果合同的一方或多方当事人有权通过意思表示，或通过订立一个取消撤消权的合同，撤消该合同已经建立的法律关系，则该合同为可撤消的合同。8. Unenforceable ContractsAn unenforceable contr

10、act is one for the breach of which neither the remedy of damages nor the remedy of specific performance is available, but which is recognized in some other way as creating a duty of performance, though there has been no ratification.8. 不能强制执行的合同 不可强制执行的合同是指这样一种合同，即违反该合同导致损害赔偿救济和强制履行救济均不可适用，但是却被认为是以其

11、他方式创设了并没有获得认可的 履行义务。Chapter 2FORMATION OF CONTRATCTS-PARTIES AND CAPACITY第二章 合同的订立当事人及其缔约能力9. Parties RequiredThere must be at least two parties to a contract, a promisor and a promisee, but there may be any greater number.9. 合同当事人 合同必须至少有两个当事人，即允诺人和受允诺人，但是也可以有两个以上更多的当事人。10. Multiple Promisors and P

12、romisees of the Same Performance(1) Where there are more promisors than one in a contract, some or all of them may promise the same performance, whether or not there are also promises for separate performances.(2) Where there are more promises than one in a contract, a promise may be made to some or

13、 all of them as a unit, whether or not the same or another performance is separately promised to one or more of them.10. 针对同一项履行的多个允诺人和受允诺人（1）如果一个合同中有多个允诺人，则部分或全部的允诺人可以就同一项履行 作出允诺，不管他们是否就个别的义务履行作出允诺。（2）如果一个合同中不只有一个允诺，则部分或全部的允诺人可以一个单位作 出允诺，不管相同或另外的履行义务是否被单独地对一个或一个以上的允诺人 允诺。11. When a Person May Be Bo

14、th Promisor and PromiseeA contract may be formed between two or more persons acting as a unit and one or more but fewer than all of these persons, acting either singly or with other persons.11. 何时允诺人和受允诺人可以同为一人在由两个或两个以上的人共同代表的一个单位和这些人中的一个或部分多数之 间可以缔结合同，这些人可以单独地或者同他人一起行事。12. Capacity to Contract(1) N

15、o one can be bound by contract who has not legal capacity to incur at least voidable contractual duties, Capacity to contract may be partial and its existence in respect of a particular transaction may depend upon the nature of the transaction or upon other circumstances.(2) A natural person who man

16、ifests assent to a transaction has full legal capacity to incur contractual duties thereby unless he is(a) under guardianship,or(b) an infant, or(c) mentally ill or defective, or(d) intoxicated.12. 缔约能力(1) 没有法律行为能力的缔约人所缔结的合同所产生的义务是可撤消的，该合 同对缔约人并没有约束力。是否享有部分缔约能力以及是否就某一特定交易享有 缔约能力取决于该交易的本质或者其他一些情况。 (2

17、) 一个自然人如果就某项 交易作出同意的意思表示，则该自然人享有完全合法的创设合同义务的缔约能 力，除非该自然人是(a) 处于监护之中，或(b) 为成年人，或(c) 有精神疾病或精神缺陷者，或(d) 醉酒者。13. Persons Affected by GuardianshipA person has no capacity to incur contractual duties if his property is under guardianship by reason of an adjudication of mental illness or defect.13. 受监护的人 如果

18、一个人由于被判决存在精神疾病或精神缺陷，其财产处 于监管之中，则该人没有创设合同义务的行为能力。14. InfantsUnless a statute provides otherwise , a natual person has the capacity to incur only voidable contractual duties until the beginning of the day before the persons eighteenth birthday.14. 未成年人除非法令另有规定，自然人在 18 岁生日之前只具有创设可撤消合同义务的行为 能力。15. Menta

19、l Illness or Defect(1) A person incurs only voidable contractual duties by entering into a transaction if by reason of mental illness or defect(a) he is unable to understand in a reasonable manner the nature and consequences of the transaction, or(b) he is unable to act in a reasonable manner in rel

20、ation to the transaction and the other party has reson to know of his condition.(2) Where the contract is made on fair terms and the other party is without knowledge of the mental illness or defect, the power of a voidance under Subsection (1) terminates to the extent that the contract has been so p

21、reformed in whole or in part or the circumstances have so changed that a voidance would be unjust. In such a case a court may grant relief as justice requires.15. 有精神病或精神缺陷的人(1) 在下列情况下，一个存在精神疾病或精神缺陷的人，在从事交易活动时所 创设的合同义务是可以撤消的：(a) 他不能以正常方式理解此项交易的性质以及会产生的后果，或者(b) 他不能像正常人那样从事此项交易，并且交易的相对方有合理的理由知道这一事实。(2

22、) 如果合同的缔结是基于公平的条款，并且他方当事人不知道该缔约人患有 精神疾病或存在精神缺陷，那么，如果该合同已经被全部或部分地履行或者情势变更，以至撤消该合同有失公平，则在(1)小节中所规定的撤消权不再适用。 在这种情况下，法院可以依公平正义之需判决给与当事人救济。16. Intoxicate PersonsA person incurs only voidable contractual duties by entering into a transaction if the other party has reason to know that by reason of intoxica

23、tion(a) he is unable to understand in a reasonable manner the nature and consequences of the transaction, or(b) he is unable to act in a reasonable manner in relation to the transaction,16. 醉酒的人 如果缔约他方当事人有合理的理由知道一方当事人由于醉酒存在下列情况，则该当事人在从事交易活动时所创设的合同义务是可以撤消的。(a) 他不能以正常方式理解此项交易的性质以及会产生的后果，或者(b) 他不能像正常人那

24、样从事此项交易。Chapter 3FORMATION OF CONTRACTS-MUTUAL ASSENT第三章 合同的订立意思表示一致TOPIC 1. IN GENRERAL主题一 一般规定17. Requirement of a Bargain(1) Except as stated in Subsection (2), the formation of a contract requires a bargain in which there is a manifestation of mutual assent to the exchange an d a consideration.(

25、2) Whether or not there is a bargain a contract may be formed under special rules applicable to formal contracts or under the rules stated in 82-94.17. 交易磋商的条件(1) 除(2)小节的规定外，合同的订立要求当事人就允诺与允诺、允诺与义务履行、以及义务履行之间的交换和约因意思表示一致。(2) 合同可以依据适用于正式合同中的特殊规则或依据82-94 中的规则订立， 不管有没有交易磋商。TOPIC 2, MANIFESTATION OF ASSE

26、NT IN GERNERAL18. Manifestation of Mutual AssentManifestation of mutual assent to an exchange requires that each party make a promise or begin or render a performance.主题二 意思表示的一般条款18. 意思表示一致 对一个交换作出一致的意思表示要求各方当事人作出允诺或开始或实施一项义务履行。19. Conduct as Manifestation of Assent(1) The manifestation of assent m

27、ay be made wholly or partly by written or spoken words or by other acts or by failure to act.(2) The conduct of a party is not effective as a manifestation of his assent unless he intends to engage in the conduct and knows or has reason to know that the other party may infer from his conduct that he

28、 assents.(3) The conduct of a party may manifest assent even though he does not in fact assent. In such cases a resulting contract may be voidable because of fraud, mistake, or other invalidation cause.19. 依意思表示实施的行为(1) 意思表示可以完全或部分地通过书面或口头、或其他作为或不作为作出。(2) 一方当事人以行为作出的意思表示是无效的，除非他有意实施这一行为， 并且知道或有理由知道他

29、方当事人可以从他的行为中推断出他有此缔约意思。(3) 一方当事人的行为可以作为意思表示，虽然事实上他并没有此缔约意思。在 这种情况下所缔结的合同可以基于欺诈、错误或其他无效的理由被撤消。20. EFFECT OF MISUNDERSTANDING(1) There is no manifestation of mutual assent to an exchange if the parties attach materially different meanings to their manifestations and(a) neither party knows or has reaso

30、n to know the meaning attached by the other; or(b) each party knows or each party has reason to know the meaning attached by the other.(2) The manifestations of the parties are operative in accordance with the meaning attached to them by one of the parties if(a) that party does not know of any diffe

31、rent meaning attached by the other, and the other knows the meaning attached by the first party; or(b) that party has no reason to know of any different meaning attached by the other, and the other has reason to know the meaning attached by the first party.20. 误解的效力(1) 如果当事人就他们的意思表示赋予了实质上不同的理解，并且有如下情况 存在时，则表明他们就磋商的交换没有达成一致：(a) 双方当事人任一方都不知道或没有理由知道对方的意思表示所赋予的含义； 或(b) 任一当事方知道或有理由知道对方的意思表示所赋予的含义。