材料成型及控制工程专业英语及翻译.docx

1、材料成型及控制工程专业英语及翻译 最新消息1-2the benefits of civilization which we enjoy today are essentially due to the improved quality of products available to us . 文明的好处我们享受今天本质上是由于改进质量的产品提供给我们。the improvement in the quality of goods can be achieved with proper design that takes into consideration the functional re

2、quirement as well as its manufacturing aspects. 提高商品的质量可以达到与适当的设计,考虑了功能要求以及其制造方面。The design process that would take proper care of the manufacturing process as well would be the ideal one. This would ensure a better product being made available at an economical cost. 设计过程中,将采取适当的照顾的生产过程将是理想的一个。这将确保更

3、好的产品被使可得到一个经济成本。Manufacturing is involved in turning raw materials to finished products to be used for some purpose. 制造业是参与将原材料到成品用于某些目的。In the present age there have been increasing demands on the product performance by way of desirable exotic properties such as resistance to high temperatures, hig

4、her speeds and extra loads. 在现在的时代已经有越来越多的产品性能要求的理想的异国情调的性能如耐高温,更高的速度和额外的负载These in turn would require a variety of new materials and its associated processing. 这些反过来需要各种新材料及其相关的处理Also, exacting working conditions that are desired in the modern industrial operations make large demands on the manufac

5、turing industry. 这些反过来需要各种新材料及其相关的处理。同时,严格的工作环境,需要在现代工业操作使大型制造业的需求.Further, the economics of the manufacturing operation is a very important consideration. 此外,经济学的生产操作是一个非常重要的考虑因素。To be viable in the modern environment, a product has to be competitively priced besides having the functional and aesth

6、etic appeal. 是可行的在现代环境中,一个产品必须具有价格竞争力除了具有功能性和审美情趣。 Therefore, it is necessary for the engineer to give a proper thought to various aspects of manufacturing. 因此,它是必要的让工程师给适当的认为制造业的各个方面。 Manufacturing processes is a very fundamental subject since it is of interest not only to mechanical engineers but

7、also to those from practically every discipline of engineering. 制造过程是一个非常基本的主题,因为它是有趣的,不仅机械工程师但同样从几乎每个学科的工程。It is so because engineering as a whole is meant for providing various materials for human consumption. 它是如此因为工程作为一个整体是用来提供各种材料供人类食用For various products such as plant machinery required for ch

8、emical, civil, electrical, electronic, textile, etc., the manufacturing process forms a vital ingredient. 对于不同的产品,如植物机械所需的化工、土木、电气、电子、纺织等,生产过程形成一个至关重要的因素.A detailed understanding of the manufacturing processes is thus essential for every engineer. 详细了解生产流程是必不可少的每个工程师这样。This helps him appreciate the

9、capabilities, advantages and also the limitations of the various manufacturing processes. 这有助于他欣赏能力、优势和局限性,各生产工序。 This in turn helps in the proper design of any product required for him. 这反过来有助于正确的设计的任何产品需要他。 Firstly, he would be able to assess the feasibility of manufacturing from his designs. 首先,他

10、将能够评估制造的可行性从他的设计。 He may also find out that there more than one process available for manufacturing a particular product and so he can make a proper choice of the process which would require the lowest manufacturing cost and would deliver the product of desired quality. 他可能也发现有超过一种过程用于生产特定的产品,所以他可以使

11、一个适当的选择过程,需要最低的制造成本和交付产品的期望质量。He may also modify his design slightly to suit the particular manufacturing process he chooses. 也可以修改自己的设计稍微适应特定的制造过程他选择. Manufacturing is defined by the Merriam Webster online dictionary as to make into a product suitable to use. 制造业是梅里厄姆-韦伯斯特词典定义的在线词典使成一个产品适合使用。Manufa

12、cturing remained as a craft till the first industrial revolution towards the end of the 18th century with low volumes and single-piece productions. 制造业仍然作为一个工艺直到第一次工业革命对18世纪末的低量和单件生产。 It required highly skilled craftsmen to individually produce the pieces and fit them when the assembly was required.

13、 它需要高度熟练的工匠来单独生产件和适合他们的需要时组装。This was a slow and expensive process , but in the absence of any machines, that was the only thing that was possible. 这是一个缓慢而昂贵的过程,但在缺乏任何机器,这是唯一可能的。 The availability of the steam engine and coal-fire furnaces made the invention of a number of steam-power driven machiner

14、y to greatly increase the manufacturing capacity. 蒸汽引擎的可用性和煤火熔炉使发明一种数量的全局驱动机械制造能力大大增加。A large number of inventions related to machine tools took place during this period and continued into the 19th century. 大量的发明与机床发生在这一时期,持续到19世纪。对十九世纪末的发明电力和更好的工程材料、生产操作变得更有效率。Towards the end of the 19th century wi

15、th the invention of electricity and better engineering materials, manufacturing operations became more productive. The developments in the automobiles at the beginning of the 20th century are instrumental in the growth of a variety of manufacturing methods and practices. 对十九世纪末的发明电力和更好的工程材料、生产操作变得更有

16、效率。汽车的发展在20世纪初期是工具性成长的各种生产方法和实践。There are a large number of processes available to the engineer for manufacture. 有大量的流程提供给工程师制造。 These processes can be broadly classified into four categories. 这些过程可以大致分为四类Casting processes forming processes fabrication processes material removal processes铸造工艺成形过程工艺制

17、备材料去除的过程 These are the only processes where liquid metal is used. 这些是唯一使用过程中,液态金属。Casting is also one of the oldest known manufacturing processes. 铸造是一个已知的最古老的制造过程。它需要准备一个腔通常在耐火材料类似于最终对象是。 It required preparation of a cavity usually in a refractory material to resemble closely the final object to be

18、 made. 它需要准备一个腔通常在耐火材料类似于最终对象是。 Molten metal is poured into this refractory mould cavity and is allowed to solidify. 金属熔液注入这耐火模腔和允许巩固。凝固后的对象被删除从模具。The object after solidification is removed from the mould. 凝固后的对象被删除从模具。 Casting processes are universally used for manufacture of a wide variety of prod

19、ucts. 铸造过程是普遍用于制造各种各样的产品The principal process among these is sand casting where sand is used as the refractory material. 其中的主要过程是砂铸,砂用作耐火材料。The process is equally suitable for the production of a very small batch as well as on a very large scale. 这个过程同样适用于生产的一个非常小的批量以及一个非常大尺度。 Some of the other cast

20、ing processes for specialized needs are一些其他的铸造工艺专业需求 Shell-mould casting. 壳型铸造permanent-mould casting硬模铸造Precision-investment. 精密的投资casting die-casting铸造压铸Plaster-mould casting. 石膏型铸造Centrifugal casting离心铸造 These are solid state manufacturing processes involving minimum amount of material wastage an

21、d faster production. 这些都是固态制造过程涉及最少的材料损耗和更快的生产。 In a forming process, the metal may be heated to a temperature, which is slightly below the solidus temperature and then a large force is applied such that the material flows and takes the desired shape. 在成形过程中,金属可能被加热到一个温度,略低于固相线温度,然后一个大力量是应用的材料流和需要所需

22、的形状。The desired shape is controlled by means of a set of tools called dies, which may be completely closed or partially closed during manufacture. 所需的形状是通过控制的一组工具称为死亡,这可能是完全封闭或部分封闭在制造。These processes are normally used for large-scale production rates. These are generally economical and in many cases

23、 improve the mechanical properties too. 这些过程通常用于大规模的生产速度。这些通常是经济和在许多情况下改善机械性能太Some of the metal forming processes are rolling ,extrusion ,drop forging ,wire drawing ,press forging ,sheet metal operations ,upset forging . 一些金属成形过程是轧制、挤压、落锤锻造,拉丝,按锻造、金属板操作、顶锻 These are secondary manufacturing processes

24、 where the starting raw materials are processed by any of the previous manufacturing processes described . 这些是二次制造过程的起始原料处理前面的任何制造过程描述。It essentially, envolves joining pieces either permanently or temporarily so that they would perform the necessary function. 它从本质上讲,envolves加入碎片要么永久或暂时如此,他们将执行必要的功能。

25、The joining can be achieved by either or both of heat and pressure and/or a joining material. 的加入可以达到的一种或两种热量和压力和/或加入材料。 Many of the steel structural constructions we see are first rolled and then joined together by a fabrication process.许多钢结构建筑,我们看到的是第一卷,然后连接在一起的工艺过程。Some of the processes of intere

26、st in this category are gas welding, cold welding, electric arc welding, brazing, electric resistance welding, soldering, thermit welding.一些感兴趣的过程都属于这一类气体焊接、冷焊接、电弧焊、钎焊、电阻焊、钎焊、铝热焊。These are also secondary manufacturing processes where the additional unwanted material is removed in the form of chips f

27、rom the blank material by a harder tool so as to obtain the final desired shape. 这些是二次制造工艺,额外的不必要的材料去除的形式的芯片从空白材料的困难,得到了工具最终想要的形状。 Material removal is normally the most expensive manufacturing process because more energy is consumed and also, a lot of waste material is generated in the process. 材料去除

28、的通常是最昂贵的制造过程,因为更多的能量消耗,同时,大量的废弃物产生的过程。Still this is widely used because it delivers very good dimensional accuracy and good surface finish. 这仍是广泛使用的,因为它提供了非常良好的尺寸精度和良好的表面光洁度。It also generates accurate contours. Material removal processes are also called machining processes. 它还生成精确的轮廓。材料去除过程也称为加工过程。T

29、he various processes in this category are turning, grinding, drilling, broaching, shaping and planning, sowing, milling.各种流程在这个类别是车削、磨削、钻孔、扩孔、塑造和规划、播种、铣削。All these manufacturing processes have been continuously developed so as obtain better products at a reduced cost. 所有这些制造工艺不断发展,获得更好的产品在降低成本。Of pa

30、rticular interest is the development of computer and their effect on the manufacturing processes. 特别感兴趣的是计算机的发展及其影响制造过程。 The advent of computers has remarkable difference to most of the above manufacturing processes. 电脑的出现有显著差异,最上面的制造过程。They have contributed greatly to both automation and designing

31、the process.他们作出了巨大贡献两个自动化和设计过程An important responsibility of the engineer is to choose a manufacturing process, which makes the required quality of a product to the specifications and at the lowest cost possible. 工程师的一个重要职责是选择一个以尽可能低的成本制造出所需质量的产品的制造过程。 To fulfil both the conditions, one would have

32、to do a break-even analysis of the various processes suitable for the production of the given object. 为了实现这两方面的目标，工程师必须针对给定的目标对不同的制造过程做出适当的盈亏平衡分析，In the break-even analysis, two types of costs are considered: 在盈亏平衡分析中要考虑两方面的成本，Fixed cost relates to the initial investment on the equipment and tools r

33、equired for the process. This cost would be constant and does not vary with quantity produced. 固定成本与制造过程相关联的所有设备和工具的投资是固定成本，固定成本是固定的，不以产量而异，另一方面是可变成本，因实际产量不同而有差别。Variable cost on the other hand, varies with the actual number of objects made. This takes into account the raw material required, energy consumed, labour cost, cost of special toolin