hightemperature highpressure PARR reactor is proposed for optimizing the extraction of phenolic.docx

1、hightemperature highpressure PARR reactor is proposed for optimizing the extraction of phenolicBrassinosteroid: a biotechnological target for enhancing crop yield and stress toleranceReview ArticleNew Biotechnology, Volume 26, Issues 3-4, 31 October 2009, Pages 131-136Uday K. Divi, Priti KrishnaClos

2、e preview| Related articles|Related reference work articles AbstractAbstract | Figures/TablesFigures/Tables | ReferencesReferences Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a group of naturally occurring plant steroidal compounds with wide ranging biological activity. Because BRs control several important agronomi

3、c traits such as flowering time, plant architecture, seed yield and stress tolerance, the genetic manipulation of BR biosynthesis, conversion or perception offers a unique possibility of significantly increasing crop yields through both changing plant metabolism and protecting plants from environmen

4、tal stresses. Genetic manipulation of BR activity has indeed led to increases in crop yield by 2060%, confirming the value of further research on BRs to improve productivity.Article OutlineIntroductionBR signalingBR biosynthesis genesEngineering BR levels and sensitivity to increase yieldEngineering

5、 BR levels to increase stress toleranceFuture directionsAcknowledgementsReferencesPurchase$ 31.50127Serenoa repens: The Scientific Basis for the Treatment of Benign Prostatic HyperplasiaReview ArticleEuropean Urology Supplements, Volume 8, Issue 13, December 2009, Pages 887-893Fouad K. HabibClose pr

6、eview| Related articles|Related reference work articles AbstractAbstract | Figures/TablesFigures/Tables | ReferencesReferences AbstractContextMedical therapies derived from natural sources have been used for centuries. Many are as effective as synthetic medications. The use of plant-derived medicati

7、ons for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is no exception. In particular, extracts of Serenoa repens (SrE), the fruit of the American dwarf palm, are widely available, and their use is rising throughout the world. ObjectiveThe underlying basis for SrE popularity stems from its safety and tolerabili

8、ty profile. However, despite its extensive use, its mechanism of action has not been definitely clarified. In this paper, we analyse the scientific basis for SrE efficacy in the treatment of BPH and explore the mechanisms by which its effects are induced. Evidence acquisitionThis literature review f

9、ocuses on the actions of the lipidosterolic SrE on a host of targets. Several cellular and molecular techniques have been used to characterise the biologic pathways that may mediate these actions. Morphologic studies have been carried out to identify the changes of prostate ultrastructure and to det

10、ermine modifications that may shed light on the mechanisms underlying SrE efficacy. Evidence synthesisSelectivity of the action of SrE for the prostate has been demonstrated. There are several morphologic changes, and these are accompanied by an increase in the apoptotic index of the gland, along wi

11、th inhibition of the activity of the 5-reductase isoenzymes. The drug also acts on a number of other biologic systems and shows a capacity to moderate the androgenic, apoptotic, and inflammatory pathways of the cell. These pathways have been implicated in the hyperplastic process. ConclusionsThe int

12、eraction between prostate cells and SrE is manifest at several levels of the glands biological spectrum and results in antiandrogenic, anti-inflammatory, and proapoptotic effects. These effects may account for the beneficial response triggered in some patients with BPH treated with SrE.Article Outli

13、ne1. Introduction2. Evidence acquisition3. Evidence synthesis 3.1. Organ specificity of Serenoa repens3.2. Antiandrogenic activities of Serenoa repens3.3. Anti-inflammatory properties of Serenoa repens3.4. The proapoptotic characteristics of Serenoa repens3.5. Are all brands of Serenoa repens equal?

14、4. ConclusionsConflicts of interestFunding supportReferencesPurchase$ 31.50Take Home MessageSerenoa repens (saw palmetto) extracts are complex mixtures of compounds that act simultaneously on several biologic pathways known to be associated with the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

15、in man. Reversal of the prohyperplastic pathways by the drug accounts for its clinical efficacy in the treatment of BPH.128The fate and toxicity of the flavonoids naringenin and formononetin in soilOriginal Research ArticleSoil Biology and Biochemistry, Volume 40, Issue 2, February 2008, Pages 528-5

16、36Liz J. Shaw, John E. HookerClose preview| Related articles|Related reference work articles AbstractAbstract | Figures/TablesFigures/Tables | ReferencesReferences AbstractThe flavonoid class of plant secondary metabolites play a multifunctional role in below-ground plantmicrobe interactions with th

17、eir best known function as signals in the nitrogen fixing legumerhizobia symbiosis. Flavonoids enter rhizosphere soil as a result of root exudation and senescence but little is known about their subsequent fate or impacts on microbial activity. Therefore, the present study examined the sorptive beha

18、viour, biodegradation and impact on dehydrogenase activity (as determined by iodonitrotetrazolium chloride reduction) of the flavonoids naringenin and formononetin in soil. Organic carbon normalised partition coefficients, logKoc, of 3.12 (formononetin) and 3.19 (naringenin) were estimated from sorp

19、tion isotherms and, after comparison with literature logKoc values for compounds whose soil behaviour is better characterised, the test flavonoids were deemed to be moderately sorbed. Naringenin (spiked at 50gg1) was biodegraded without a detectable lag phase with concentrations reduced to 0.130.01g

20、g1 at the end of the 96h time course. Biodegradation of formononetin proceeded after a lag phase of 24h with concentrations reduced to 4.51% of the sterile control after 72h. Most probable number (MPN) analysis revealed that prior to the addition of flavonoids, the soil contained 5.4106MPNg1 (naring

21、enin) and 7.9105MPNg1 (formononetin) catabolic microbes. Formononetin concentration had no significant (p0.05) effect on soil dehydrogenase activity, whereas naringenin concentration had an overall but non-systematic impact (p=0.045). These results are discussed with reference to likely total and bi

22、oavailable concentrations of flavonoids experienced by microbes in the rhizosphere.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Materials and methods 2.1. Soil and flavonoids2.2. Construction of flavonoid sorption isotherms2.3. Flavonoid biodegradation2.4. Most probable number determinations2.5. Dehydrogenase a

23、ssay2.6. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)3. Results 3.1. Adsorption isotherms3.2. Biodegradation and most probable number analysis3.3. Naringenin and formononetin impacts on dehydrogenase activity4. Discussion 4.1. Sorption4.2. Biodegradation of naringenin and formononetin4.3. Toxicity5

24、. ConclusionAcknowledgementsAppendix:. Calculation of a total soil concentration for naringenin from an aqueous phase concentration, taking into account naringenin partitioning behaviour in soilReferencesPurchase$ 31.50129Catalytic removal of NO and PAHs over AC-supported catalysts from incineration

25、 flue gas: Bench-scale and pilot-plant testsOriginal Research ArticleChemical Engineering Journal, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 6 March 2011Hui-Hsin Tseng, Chi-Yuan Lu, Feng-Yim Chang, Ming-Yen Wey, Han-Tsung ChengClose preview| Related articles|Related reference work articles Abstrac

26、tAbstract | Figures/TablesFigures/Tables | ReferencesReferences AbstractFor dioxin removal from incineration flue gas, the common method is absorption using activated carbon (AC). In order to reduce the consumption of energy, it is worth to evaluate the destruction removal efficiency (DRE) of NO and

27、 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) over AC with a few metals loading while dioxin is physical absorbed by AC. As a result, in the present work, the use of AC as a catalyst support for simultaneous NO reduction and PAHs catalytic oxidation was investigated as an alternative technology to improv

28、e incinerator processes. This study examined the selective removal of NO and PAHs from incineration flue gas containing O2, N2, CO2, H2O, NO, organic compounds and fly ash over M/AC catalysts (M=Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu) using bench-scale and pilot-plant tests. Investigations on the effects of the inciner

29、ation flue gas composition and the structure of the metal active site on NO and PAHs conversion revealed that the conversion activity increases as the atomic number of the transition metals increase, except for Ni. Carbon monoxide can act as a reductant to increase the NO removal efficiency. The M/A

30、C catalysts showed high reactivity for simultaneous PAHs oxidation and NO reduction. The results provide useful information for the design and application of AC injection or selective catalyst reduction systems for waste incineration plants.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Experimental 2.1. Catalyst

31、 preparation2.2. Catalyst characterization2.3. Bench-scale testing2.4. Pilot-plant testing3. Results and discussion 3.1. Catalyst characterization3.2. Bench-scale testing: effect of the chemical state of the active site3.3. Bench-scale testing: effect of gas composition3.4. Bench-scale testing: poisoning of M/AC catalysts3.5. Pilot-plant testing4. ConclusionsReferencesPurchase$ 31.50130Changes in apolar metabolites during in vitro organogenesis of Pancratium maritimumOriginal Research ArticlePlant Physiology and Biochemistry, Volume 48, Issues 10-11, October-November 2010, Pag