高中英语语法虚拟语气讲解.docx

1、高中英语语法虚拟语气讲解高中英语语法讲解 -虚拟语气1. 语气的定义和种类（ 1）语气的定义语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。（ 2）语气的种类A. 陈述语气表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。We are not ready.Did it rain all day yesterday?What a fine day today ！B. 祈使语气表使说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。Be careful.Don t forget to close the window.Open the door, please.C. 虚拟语

2、气表使动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。2. 虚拟语气一 . 虚拟语气在条件句中的应用学习虚拟语气在条件句中的用法之前我们必须清楚条件句的种类：条件句有真实条件句与非真实条件句 (或称虚拟条件句 )两种。真实条件句所表的假设是可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句都用陈述语气。如：If it doesn t rain tomorrow, I will go for picnica. 假若明天不下雨，我就去野餐。Oil floats if you pour it on water. 你如把油倒在水里，油就浮起来。虚拟条件句所表的假设则是不可能或不大可能发生或实

3、现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句皆须用虚拟语气。条件从句主句与现在事实相违背过去式（动词是 be 用 were）should / would/could/might +动词原形与过去事实相违背had + 过去分词should / would/could/might + have +过去分词1) should + 动词原形should / would/could/might +动词原与未来事实相违背2) were + 动词不定式形3) 过去式 （动词是 Be 也可以用 were）1. 与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句，条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式(be 的过去式用were),主句的谓语用should（w

4、ould, might，could） +动词原形。如：If it were not raining, we should go for a picnic.如果现在不下雨的话，我们就出去野餐了。（事实是：天在下雨，我们不能出去野餐。表示愿望。）If he came here, he might be able to help you. 如果他来这，他就能够帮助你了。（事实是：他没来这，他不可能帮助你。表示对他的良好印象。）2.与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句，条件从句的谓语用 had+过去分词，主句的谓语用should（would, might ， could）+ have过去分词。如： She wo

5、uld have gone to the party if she had been invited.要是当初她被邀请的话，她就会去参加这次聚会了。（事实是：当时没有人邀请她，因此，她没有来参加聚会。表示后悔。）If she hadnt called me, I would have overslept this morning.今天早上，她要是不叫我的话，我就会睡过头了。（事实是：她今天早上叫我了，我没有睡过头。表示感激。）3. 与将来事实可能相反的虚拟条件句， 条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式(be 的过去式用were)； should动词原形； were to动词原形，主句用 should

6、（ would, might ， could ） + 动词原形。如： If I were to be twenty years old next year, I would take the course of French.明年我要是二十岁，我就会学法语。（事实是：我现在已经老了，明年我学不了法语了。）If it should fail, I would try again. 要是失败了，我会再试一次。（事实是：有可能失败，可我会再试。表示未知。）虚拟过去式有时并不表示 “不大可能实现的假设 ”，而是表示一种希望或不希望发生的动作。如： If we caught the early trai

7、n, we d get there by lunch time.假如我们赶上早班火车，到午饭时间我们就会到达那里了。 (表希望 )If we missed the train, we should have to wait an hour at the station.假如我们赶不上这班火车，我们就得在车站等一小时。（表不希望）4. 混合型的条件句当条件从句与主句所表的时间不一致时， 虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。 主句和从句的谓语动词并不相互呼应， 这种条件句叫混合条件句。 较多见的混合型条件句是从句用过去完成时（指过去行为），而主句用一般时（指目前状态）。He would pass the

8、 test if he had taken my advice 如果他听了我的劝告， 他现在会通过考试。If I had spoken to him yesterday, I should know what to do now.假如昨天我对他说了，现在我就知道该怎么办了。You would be much better now if you had taken my advice.假如你接受了我的意见，你现在就会好得多。如条件从句用 if I were. ，主句则可用表任何时间的虚拟形式。如： If I were not busy, I would have come.假如我不忙，我就会去了

9、。 (were 表过去 )If I were you, I would go.假如我是你，我会去的。 (were 表现在 )二 . 连词 if 的省略（倒装）如果虚拟条件句的谓语部分有 were，had 和 should 时，可省略 if ，把 were，had 和 should 放到从句主语前面去，多见于书面语。Had you not helped me ， I should have failed. 要是没有你的帮助，我就失败了。Were you in my position, you would do the same. 假如你处在我的地位， 你也会这样干的。Should they at

10、tack us, we ll wipe them out completely.假如他们进攻我们，我们就把他们彻底消灭干净。例： 1. _ he would have succeeded in the examination.A. Had he worked hardB. If he worked hardC. If he works hardD. If he has worked hard2._ it rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.A. ShouldB. BeC. WereD. Will3._, he would teach us how to s

11、olve the problem.A. Were he hereB. Was he hereC. If he isD. Is he here4. _, we should be glad.A. Were they to arrive tomorrowB. They were to arrive tomorrowC. They would arrive tomorrowD. They arrive tomorrow5. _ the clouds, you would find the airplane in the sky easily.A .Were it not for B. If it h

12、ad not been forC. If it were not D. Had it not been for答案： 15 AAAAA三 . 含蓄条件句虚拟条件句中的条件从句有时不表出来， 只暗含在上下文中， 这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况。1) 条件暗含在短语中。如： But for your help we couldn t have succeeded in the experiment.如果没有你的帮助，我们的实验是不会成功的。 (暗含在分词短词 but for your help)What would I have done without you? 如没有你，我会

13、怎么办呢？ (条件暗含在介词短语without you 中 )It would be easier to do it this way. 这样做会比较容易。(条件暗含在不定式短语 to do it this way 中 )This same thing, happening in wartime, amount to disaster.同样的事，如发生在战时，就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语happening in wartime中)He must have the strength of a hippopotamus, or he never could have vanquished t

14、hat greatbeast. 他一定是力大如河马，否则他绝不会击败那只庞大的野兽。 (暗含条件是连词 or)Alone, he would have been terrified. 如是单独一人， 他是会感到害怕的。 (暗含条件是 alone)2) 条件暗含在上下文中。如： You might stay here forever. 你可以永远待在这儿。 (可能暗含 if you wanted to)We would have succeeded. 我们本来是会成功的。 (可能暗含 if we had kept trying)Your reputation would be ruined. 你

15、的名誉会败坏的。 (可能暗含 if you should accept it)3) 在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。如：You wouldn t know. 你不会知道。I would like to come. 我愿意来。四 . 不用 if 引导的条件从句虚拟条件句中的条件从句除用 if 引外，还可用 when, unless, lest, suppose, as if, for fear, incase, on condition 等词语来引导。如： The peasants prepared to feed the city when it should be

16、freed.农民已准备在这座城市解放后供给粮食。Lest you should not have heard all, I shall begin at the beginning.我怕你没有听全，所以我再从头开始讲一遍。Unless I were well, I wouldn t be at school除非.我好了，否则我不会上学。Suppose you were given a chance to study in America , would you accept?假如给你一个到美国学习的机会，你会接受吗？（ suppose 或 supposing =what if ）Supposi

17、ng it were so ？（ =Supposing it were so ， what would happen ？）要是这样的话，会怎么样呢？He can use the bicycle on condition that he should return it tomorrow.如果明天能还回来，他就可以借用这辆自行车。In case I forget , please remind me of my promise 如果我忘了，请提醒我的诺言。Susan is walking slowly ,as if she were tired. 苏珊走得很慢，就像是累了似的。与 if 一样，上

18、述词语所引导的条件从句亦可用直陈语气，表可能实现或发生的事。虚拟语气补充讲解（第二课时）虚拟语气除主要用于条件句（也就是状语从句）外，还可用于主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、定语从句等。1. 虚拟语气在主语从句中的应用“常用在 It is (was)+ 形容词 / 过去分词 +that 引导的主语从句 ”的句型中的主语从句要用虚拟语气。主语从句的谓语用 should+动词原形 (或 should+have+ 过去分词 )或只用动词原形(尤其是美国英语)。should在此是助动词，本身并无实义，这种主语从句中的should有时有感情色彩。Its important that we （should

19、）work out a plan. （带有 “要求 ”的含义）Its better that he go at once. （带有 “建议 ”的意思） 用于本句型的形容词并不多，常见形容词有：necessary， important ，best, right,impossible ，preferable， desirable, imperative, advisable ， essential， reserved， urgent， 等。It is necessary that he（ should ）be sent there at onceIts strange that he should

20、 say so.I was glad that he should go.It is important that we should speak politely.It is a pity that she should fare so badly.Its right that you should think that way.用于本句型中的过去分词就是表示提议要求、 命令等动词的过去分词， 如 suggested，settled, required， requested， demanded，urged， decided, proposed， ordered， desired， advis

21、ed 等。It is requested that Professor Liu （ should） give us a lectureIt is desired that we （ should） get everything ready by tonight I m ashamed you should have done such a thing.It has been suggested that the meeting（ should）be put off 有人建议推迟会议。It is settled that you leave us, then?注意：这种句型中的主语从句也可用陈述

22、语气，如： It was important that he made an explicit statement on this score last week. 他上个星期对于这一方面做了明确的说明，这是很重要的。句型总结：It is necessary thatIt is important thatIt is natural thatIt is strange thatIt is surprising thatIt is impossible thatIt is great pity thatIt will be better thatIt is suggested thatIt is

23、 ordered that.It is demanded that2. 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用1). 宾语从句在表示提议、要求、命令、意志等动词后，其谓语用 should+动词原形或只用动词原形的虚拟语气，作为 suggest， request， demand， urge， propose， prefer， advise，insist ，require， order， command， maintain ， ask，object, arrange, desire等动词的宾语。如：The doctor suggested that he not go there医生建议他不要去那里。He s

24、uggested that we should leave early. 他建议我们早点动身。The judge ordered that the prisoner should be remanded. 法官命令被告还押。例： 1. The teacher insisted that every student _ every other line.A. writes B. write C. would write D. wrote2. Jack s father insists _ in this hotel.A. not staying B not to stayC. that he n

25、ot stay D. staying not3. They insisted that you _ them a quick answer.A. should give B. gaveC. must give D. would give4. The guard at the gate insisted that everybody _ the rules.A. obeys B. obey C. will obey D. would obey 答案： 14 BCAB注 ： 1）、suggest 为“建议去做 ; 命令 ”从句用 should + do为 “ 说明； 暗示 ”,从句用过去时或过去完

26、成时。1. The doctor suggested that I should take the medicine three times a day.2. The doctor suggested that my grandmother had caught a bad cold.3. The expression on her face suggests that she knew the secret.4.They suggested thatthese books _ at once.A. should take awayB. would be taken awayC. be tak

27、en awayD. take away5.I suggested a meeting _ to discuss the matter.A. will be heldB. would be heldC. should holdD. be held6.His silence at the meeting suggested _ to your plan.A. didn t agreeB. hadn t agreedC. wouldn agreetD. shouldn t agree答案： 46 CDA2）、 insist 坚持“要去做 ，坚持应该去做 ”，从句用 should + do为 “坚持表

28、明，坚持说/解释 ”， 从句用过去时或过去完成时。1.She insisted that she _ ill of him behind him, but he didn t believe.A. hadn t spokenB. shouldn t speakC. wouldn t speakD. not speak2.He insisted that we _ the boy to hospital.A. takeB. tookC. would takeD. will take3.He insisted that he _ our car.A. should stealB. would st

29、ealC. hadn t stolenD. steal4.The teacher commanded that all his students _ their homework after class.A. would hand inB. should hand inC. handed inD. might hand in5.The workers requested that their working conditions _.A. must be improvedB. be improvedC. would be improvedD. were improved6.They required that the crops _ harvested at once.A. should beB. beC. areD. must be答案： 16 BACBBA2). wish的宾语的从句，表示愿望，常