高考英语新增分大一轮复习语法专题全辑专题八主谓一致和特殊句式讲义牛津译林版.docx

1、高考英语新增分大一轮复习语法专题全辑专题八主谓一致和特殊句式讲义牛津译林版专题八 主谓一致和特殊句式主谓一致的核心考点1.就近一致原则(1)由or，not only.but also.，neither.nor.，either.or.，whether.or.，not.but.等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，通常根据就近一致原则，谓语动词要与离它最近的主语在数上保持一致。Neither his parents nor I am able to persuade him to change his mind.(2)here/there引导一个句子而主语又不止一个时，通常根据就近原则，谓语动词要与离

2、它最近的主语在数上保持一致。Here is a ruler，a few pencils and two copybooks.2.意义一致原则(1)谓语动词必须用单数的情况表示学科的名词以及works(工厂)，news(消息)等作主语时，虽然本身为复数形式，但表示单数意义时，谓语动词仍用单数。Politics is his favorite subject.表示某些组织机构的名词、书/报名、国名、地名等作主语时，虽然形式上是复数，但所表示的意义是单数，所以谓语动词用单数。Do you know when the United Nations was set up?(2)谓语动词必须用复数的情况表

3、示总称意义的名词，如people，police，public，cattle等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。The police are searching for the murderer.(3)谓语动词的形式依据主语表示的意义而定集体名词，如family，class，group，team，club，company，government，population等作主语时，谓语动词的形式根据其在语境中表示的意义而定。当其表示集体意义，强调整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；当其表示集体中各个组成部分，强调个体概念时，谓语动词用复数。As far as I know，his family is not very

4、 large but the family are all music lovers.“the形容词/分词”表示“一类人”时，谓语动词用复数。The poor were looked down upon in the old days.3.语法一致原则(1)由and连接的两个名词作主语“a/the名词单数and名词单数”表示一个人(双重身份)，谓语动词用单数。The teacher and poet often gives lectures around the city.“a/the名词单数anda/the名词单数”表示两个人，谓语动词用复数。The teacher and the poet

5、 have just arrived.“every名词单数andevery名词单数”表示每一个人，谓语动词用单数。Every boy and every girl has the right to receive education in our country.通常由两个部件组成的物品如：a knife and fork (一副刀叉)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Bread and butter is not to his taste.(2)表示时间、数量、长度及价格的名词，尽管有时是复数形式但常被看作是一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式。Is fifty pounds enough?(3)“分数/

6、百分数of名词”作主语时，谓语动词的形式根据of后的名词的形式来定，如果名词是可数名词复数，谓语动词用复数形式；如果名词是单数可数名词或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式。Two-thirds of the books are about science.Only 30% of the work was done yesterday.题组训练1用所给词的适当形式填空1.The writer and translator is(be) delivering a speech in our school now.2.He or I am(be) to go.3.Are(be) not only the

7、 students but also their teacher required to attend the meeting?4.Ten years is(be) a moment in history.5.A third of his compositions have(have) been corrected.6.The unknown is(be) always something to be feared.倒装句的核心考点1.全部倒装(1)在There be/seem/appear/live/stand/lie/fly/exist/remain等存在句中。Look，theres th

8、at bookshop I was telling you about.(2)表示时间、地点和动作转移的副词如here，there，now，then，up，down，in，away，out等置于句首，主语是名词而不是代词时，用完全倒装。此时，句子多用一般现在时或一般过去时。There goes the phone.Ill answer it.(3)such作表语置于句首时。Such was Albert Einstein，a simple man but the 20th centurys greatest scientist.(4)直接引语的全部或部分位于句首时。“If you die，wh

9、o will get your money？” asked Holmes.(5)表示地点的介词短语位于句首时。In the center of the square stands a monument.(6)为平衡句子结构，或使上下文衔接紧密，而将作表语的介词短语、形容词、副词或分词提到句首，引起倒装。Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people had to use foreign oil.2.部分倒装在下列几种情况下，只把助动词、系动词或情态动词放在主语之前，构成部分倒装。(1)little，never，not，seldom，neith

10、er，nor，hardly，rarely，by no means，at no time，under no circumstances，in no case等表示否定意义的单词或短语位于句首时。Little does he care about what others think.(2)在not.until.，no sooner.than.，scarcely/hardly.when.，not only.but also.，neither.nor.等句式中。Neither does he drink nor smoke.(3)当only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句位于句首时。Only then d

11、id I find I had made a mistake.(4)在so/such.that.从句中，当so形容词/副词或such名词位于句首时。So exhausted was she that she wanted to have a rest.(5)当表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个人或事物时，常用“so/asbe动词/助动词/情态动词主语”，表示“也是”。Times have changed and so have I.(6)当neither，nor位于句首，表示前面否定的内容也适用于另一个人或事物时，常用“neither/norbe动词/助动词/情态动词主语”，表示“也不”。The

12、y couldnt understand it at that time，and nor could we.(7)省略if的虚拟条件句，把were，had，should提到主语前面。Had it not been for your help，we shouldnt have achieved so much.(8)as和though引导的让步状语从句。Try as she might，Sue couldnt get the door open.(9)“may动词原形”表示祝愿，通常把may置于句首，构成倒装语序。May you succeed!题组训练21.Successfulasheis (

13、他虽然成功)，he is not proud.(as)2.Only when he reached the teahouse didherealize(他才意识到) it was the same place hed been in last year.3.Its nice.Never before haveIhadsuchaspecialdrink(我以前从没喝过这么特别的饮料)!Im glad you like it.4.Upjumpedthecat(猫跳起来) and caught the mouse.5.Not until he finished his work didhegohom

14、e(他才回家).强调句的核心考点1.使用助动词do，does和did对谓语动词进行强调。First impressions really do count.2.运用强调句型来强调除谓语动词以外的其他句子成分。强调句型的基本句型结构为：It is/was被强调部分that/who其他成分。可用来强调句子的主语、宾语、状语、表语、同位语等成分。在复习强调句型时，要注意以下几个方面：(1)强调句型中的主谓一致在强调句型中，当对陈述句中的主语进行强调时，无论被强调的主语是单数还是复数，主句中的谓语动词都要用单数形式It is/was.，同时，that从句中的谓语动词要与被强调的主语在人称和数方面保持一

15、致。It is my parents that/who often help me get out of trouble.(2)当对地点状语、时间状语或其他状语从句进行强调时，只能用连接词that，而不能用where，when，why或how等。It was on August 8,2008 that the 29th Summer Olympic Games were opened in Beijing.(3)强调句型的疑问句在强调句中，无论被强调部分是什么句子成分，变为一般疑问句时，都须将主句改为疑问语序，即将“It is/was被强调部分that其他成分”改为“Is/Was it被强调部

16、分that其他成分？”或“疑问词is/was it that其他成分？”结构。Was it her failing her exam that made her parents unhappy?When was it that she changed her mind?(4)在对not.until.结构中的until时间状语或时间状语从句进行强调时，要将句中的not移至until之前，构成：It is/was not until.that.。注意that从句中的谓语动词要变成肯定形式，而且不再采用倒装语序。I didnt realize she was a famous film star u

17、ntil she took off her dark glasses.It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.题组训练31.Wasitonalonelyislandthat(是在一个荒凉的岛上) he was saved one month after the boat went down?2.Itisnothowmuchwedobuthowmuchloveweputintowhatwedothat(不是我们做了多少，而是我们对所做的事情注入了多少爱) b

18、enefits our work most.3.Have you seen the film Under the Hawthorn Tree?Of course，I have.Itwasinourvillagethatitwasmade(这部电影是在我们村里制作出来的).4.If you have a job，dodevoteyourselftoit(务必全身心地投入到工作中) and finally youll succeed.5.Itsnotwhatwedoonceinawhilethat(不是我们偶尔做的事情) shapes our lives，but what we do consis

19、tently.注意事项：1.如果由特殊疑问词引导的强调结构在句中作宾语从句时，从句必须使用陈述语序，不可用疑问语序。He asked me who it was that took his umbrella by mistake.2.强调句型结构中的反意疑问句式。在强调句型结构中，其反意疑问句的主语及助动词必须与主句It is/was.保持一致。It is Mary not you who wants to ask me about that matter，isnt it?3.强调句型结构与定语从句的混合使用。在高考试题中，为了增加试题的难度，命题人常将强调句型与定语从句混合起来，使句子结构更

20、加复杂。我们要注意从语法角度来分析句子，理清结构“强调句型与定语从句”。It was on the farm where we worked that I got to know her.4.强调句型与时间状语从句的辨析。当用强调句型强调时间状语时，去掉“it is/was”和连词“that”，原句仍然完整；而在时间状语从句中，若去掉“it is/was”和连词“when/before”，原句不完整。It was at 14：28 that the terrible earthquake broke out.(强调句型)It was 14：28 when the terrible earthq

21、uake broke out.(状语从句)省略句的核心考点1.状语从句中的省略由when，while，if，as if，although/though，as，until，once，whether，unless，where等引导的状语从句中，如果其谓语动词为be，而主语与主句的主语相同时，则从句的主语和be可省略；或从句的主语为it，谓语动词为be时，也可省略从句中的it和be。When (I am) in trouble，I always turn to my classmates for help.If (it is) possible，this machine can be fixed a

22、t once.2.不定式的省略单独使用不定式符号to代替不定式后被省略的动词，常用在be afraid，expect，forget，hope，intend，like，love，mean，prefer，refuse，try，want，wish等词后；或放在表情绪的词后，代替被省略的动词，常见词有：glad，happy，pleased等；但是，如果不定式中含有be，have，have been，则要保留be，have，have been。Will you please look after my house when Im away?Im glad to.Are you a sailor?No.B

23、ut I used to be.Your work hasnt been handed in，but it ought to have been.3.常考的几个省略形式if ever，if any，if not better/worse/taller.than等。4.并列句中的省略并列句中的两个对等句里的动词相同时，后者的动词可以省略。He is going to Hong Kong，but his brother (is going) to America.My room is on the third floor and his，on the fifth.题组训练41.Jane wont

24、join us for dinner tonight and Tomwonteither(汤姆也不想加入).2.It sounds like something is wrong with the cars engine.Ifso(如果这样的话)，wed better take it to the garage immediately.3.Whatastrangeplant(多么奇怪的植物啊)! Ive never seen it before.4.Whilewalkingalongthestreet(当沿着大街走的时候)，I heard my name called.5.I asked hi

25、m to see the film，but hedidntwantto(他不想去).1.It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house we saw Lily in the passenger seat.(2018天津，14)A.which B.thatC.when D.where答案B解析句意为：直到汽车停在我们的房子前时我们才看见莉莉坐在乘客座上。分析题干可知本句是一个强调句，被强调的是only when引导的时间状语从句。根据强调句的结构“It is/was被强调的部分that剩余部分”可知选B项。2.In any uns

26、afe situation，simply the button and a highly-trained agent will get you the help you need.(2018北京，8)A.press B.to pressC.pressing D.pressed答案A解析根据空后的and可知应该选A项。这是一个固定句式，其构成是“祈使句and陈述句”。句意为：在任何不安全的情况下，只要按一下按钮，训练有素的工作人员就会给予你所需要的帮助。3.The publication of Great Expectations，whichboth widely reviewed and hi

27、ghly praised，strengthened Dickens status as a leading novelist.(2017江苏，24)A.is B.are C.was D.were答案C解析考查动词的时态和主谓一致。句意为：远大前程这部小说的出版发行受到广泛评论和高度赞扬，这巩固了狄更斯作为顶尖小说家的地位。空格处与后面的reviewed和praised一起构成定语从句的谓语，根据主句谓语strengthened判断这里用一般过去时；定语从句的关系词which指代主句的“the publication of Great Expectations”，主语核心词是publicatio

28、n，故be动词用was。因此选C。4.Nowadays，cycling，along with jogging and swimming， as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.(2017天津，6)A.regard B.is regardedC.are regarded D.regards答案B解析考查主谓一致和动词的语态。句意为：如今，骑行与慢跑、游泳一起被认为是最全面的运动方式之一。当主语后面接由along with引起的短语时，谓语动词应和主语(cycling)保持一致，排除A、C两项；cycling与regard之间是被动关系，应用

29、被动语态，排除D项，故选B项。5.It was when I got back to my apartment I first came across my new neighbors.(2017天津，11)A.who B.whereC.which D.that答案D解析考查强调句型的判定。句意为：正是当我回到公寓时，我第一次偶然遇见了我的新邻居们。强调句的判断方法是将It is/was与that/who去掉，然后看剩余的部分是不是一个成分完整的句子。经判断，“When I got back to my apartment，I first came across my new neighbor

30、s.”句子成分完整，由此可断定本句是强调句，并且强调的是时间状语，故空格处应用that。6.Only when Lily walked into the office that she had left the contract at home.(2015天津，3)A.she realized B.has she realized C.she has realized D.did she realize答案D解析考查倒装及时态。句意为：直到莉莉走进办公室时，她才意识到她把合同忘在家里了。“only状语从句”位于句首表示强调时，主句要用部分倒装。根据时间状语when Lily walked into the office可知要用一般过去时。故答案为D。7.It is important to remember that success a sum of small efforts made each day and often years to achieve.(2015湖南，27)A.is；takes B.are；takesC.are；take D.is；take答案A解析考查主谓一致。句意为：成功是每天所做的一些小小的努力的总和，它常常需要很多年的时间才能实现，记住这些很重要。此处success是不可数名词，作主语时，谓语动词用单数。故选A项。8.Always