中考英语之名词知识点详解及练习.docx

1、中考英语之名词知识点详解及练习 名词考纲要求：1.可数名词的单复数，注意其不规则变化。2.名词量的表示方法，特别是不可数名词量的表达方式3.名词的所有格，辨析其两种不同的形式。4.在具体的语境中正确辨析名词词义。命题规律：名词(n.)： 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange, happiness.第一节名词的分类名词分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词Sunday, USA, Jim普通名词可数名词个体名词book, pen, banana, umbrella集体名词class, family, people, pol

2、ice不可数名词物质名词water, milk, rice, air抽象名词（如表动作、状态、品质或感情等）love, help, youth, advice, business,fun, kindness, progress1.普通名词又可分为：(1)个体名词。如：cup，desk，student等。一般可数，有单复数形式。(2)集体名词。如：class，team，family等。一般可数，有单复数形式。(3)物质名词。如：rice，water，cotton等。 一般不可数，没有单复数之分。(4)抽象名词。如：love，work，life等。 一般不可数，没有单复数之分。2.专有名词：如：C

3、hina，Newton，London, Lu xun 等。第二节名词的数名词有可数名词和不可数名词之分。而可数名词又有单数和复数之分。我们要表达两个或两个以上数的概念时，该名词就要用复数形式。可数名词的复数形式构成有两种：1. 规则变化情况变化规则例词一般情况在词尾加-sbook-books, bag-bags以s,x,sh,ch结尾在词尾加-eswatch-watches, bus-buses以辅音字母加y结尾变“y”为“i”再加-escity-cities, baby-babies以f/fe结尾变f/fe为v再加-esknife-knives以辅音字母加o结尾有生命意义的加-estomat

4、o-tomatoespotato-potatoes无生命意义的加-spiano-pianosphoto-photos巧学妙记1巧记以f/fe结尾的可数名词变复数妻子骑牛拿起刀，(wife-wives; calf-calves; knife-knives)追得贼狼满街跑，(thief-thieves; wolf-wolves)碰到架子丧己命，(shelf-shelves; self-selves; life-lives)手帕树叶半空飘。(handkerchief-handkerchieves; leaf-leaves; half-halves)以f/fe结尾直接加-s的名词常见的有：belief

5、-beliefs相信，信念 chief-chiefs首领 gulf-gulfs海湾 proof-proofs证据 roof-roofs屋顶 （一个首领站在海湾的屋顶上相信这个证据是正确的） 巧记以o结尾的有生命意义的可数名词变复数：黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿，也就是Negro, hero, potato, tomato的后面要加-es.2.不规则变化 外部变化：childchildren, oxoxen2内部变化：footfeet, toothteeth, mousemice, manmen, womanwomen单复数同形：Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer，fish等。但

6、当fish表示不同种类的鱼时，可以加复数词尾。表示国家人的名词变为复数歌诀中日不变，英法变，其余后面s添。如：ChineseChinese JapaneseJapanese Englishman- Englishmen Frenchman-FrenchmenGerman-Germans American-Americans3集体名词，以单数形式出现，实为复数：people, police等本身就是复数，不能说a people, a police. the English, the British, the French, the Chinese, the Japanese, the Swiss

7、等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。3.复数名词的复数1带有man, woman的复合名词的两个部分都要变为复数。如：man doctor-men doctors男医生 woman teacher-women teachers 女教师2当前面的名词作为后面的名词的定语时，只将后面的单词变为复数，如：toy shop-toy shops 玩具店3当作定语的名词是sports或clothes时，此复数形式要保留，如：sports meeting- sports meetings运动会 clothes shop- clothes shops服装店4其他符合名词的复数形式需要特殊记忆，如：grown-u

8、p - grown-ups成人 passer-by - passers-by 过路人son-in-law - sons-in-law 女婿4. 同时具有两种复数形式的名词有的名词具有不同的含义时，其相应的复数形式也不相同。work表示“工作”时无单复数变化，但表示“著作”时单数为work, 复数为worksfish指“鱼”的条数时，复数形式为fish; 作“鱼”的种类讲时复数为fishes; 指餐桌上的“鱼肉”讲时为不可数people做“人们”讲时是集体名词，做“民族”讲时复数形式为peoples:two people两个人 two peoples 两个民族有些名词只有复数形式，但不能被具体的

9、数字修饰。这些词是：a.由两个相同的部分构成表示一个物件的名词，如：scissors剪刀；trousers裤子；jeans牛仔裤；compasses圆规；glasses眼镜；gloves手套；shoes鞋；socks袜子；earphones耳机；shorts短裤；chopsticks 筷子b.部分以-s结尾的名词总以复数形式出现。如：contents目录； clothes衣服；goods货物；greens绿色食品；stairs楼梯；woods树林只用作单数的复数形式的名词有：学科名词：physics, mathematics/maths专有名词：the United States其他名词：ne

10、ws单复数意义不同的名词：a.有些物质名词的单复数形式表示不同的含义。如：Whats the time now? 现在几点了？I have been there three times. 我去过那儿三次。I didnt like green. 我不喜欢绿色。Greens are good for our health. 绿色食品对我们的健康有益。b.类似词语归纳：cloth布clothes衣服，compass指南针-compasses圆规, glass玻璃-glasses眼镜, good利益-goods货物, manner态度-manners礼貌, wood木材-woods树林有些名词既可以作

11、可数名词，也可以做不可数名词，但其表达的意思完全不同。如：名词可数名词不可数名词chicken小鸡鸡肉glass玻璃杯玻璃orange橙子橙汁paper报纸、文件纸张rain一场雨雨水room房间空间time次数/倍数时间work作品工作6. 不可数名词不可数名词没有复数形式。专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词一般为不可数名词。不可数名词的修饰语1不可数名词前不能直接加不定冠词a/an表示“一”的概念。2不可数名词不能与具体数字连用，但可借助单位词表示一定的数量。 其形式为“数词/冠词+量词+of+不可数名词”。量词可以是单数也可以是复数，但of后的名词要用单数形式。如：a cup of tea;

12、two bottles of milk; three tons of coal; a piece of advice不可数名词可以用much, little, a little, a lot of/lots of, a great deal of, plenty of, some, any等修饰，但不能用few, a few, many, a number of等来修饰。如：The rich man has a lot of moneyThere is some milk in the bottle第三节名词的格名词的格即名词的所有格。名词的所有格译为“的”。其构成方法如下：1. 有生命的名词

13、所有格 不以-s结尾的单数名词在词尾加s. 如：my teachers book a boys diary the girls bag 以-s结尾的单数名词后，既可以加s, 也可以加 如：Engels works3复数以-s结尾的名词，只在词尾加 如：the girls basketball the twins room4复数不以-s结尾的名词，加s 如：the childrens classroom mens room2. 无生命的名词所有格无生命的名词的所有格一般用“of +名词”的结构。如：the gate of the school, the door of the classroom

14、部分无生命的名词所有格用“to +名词”的结构表示。如：the key to the exercise; the way to my home; the answer to the question; the bridge to the knowledge3. 多人所有格若两个名词并列，并且分别有s, 则表示“两者分别有”； 只在第二个名词后加s 表示“两者共有”。如：Johns and Marys rooms约翰和玛丽的房间（各有各的房间）John and Marys room约翰和玛丽的房间（共同拥有一个房间）省略名词的所有格在表示店铺的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰

15、的名词。如： the barbers 理发店 the Greens 格林家 区别the Greens和the Greens 前者是the Greens home的省略式，后者是指Green一家人或夫妇俩，是复数名词。4. 时间、距离及地名所有格有些表示时间、距离等无生命的名词和表示世界、国家、城镇等的名词，也可以在词尾加s或 变成相应的所有格。如：five minutes walk步行五分钟的路程 todays newspaper 今天的报纸ten minutes drive 十分钟车程 a months holiday 一个月的假期5. 用所有格表示节日的方法除了父亲节Fathers Day

16、和母亲节Mothers Day，其他节日我们都用名词复数的所有格表示。 如：Teachers Day教师节 Childrens Day儿童节6. 双重所有格双重所有格由“of +名词所有格”构成，表示部分或带有感情色彩。被双重所有格修饰的名词前往往有不定冠词、数词或this/that等限定，如： a friend of my brothers = one of my brothers friends我兄弟的一个朋友双重所有格也可由“of +名词性物主代词”构成。如： a friend of mine 我的一位朋友第四节名词在句中的作用名词在句中可以做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、同位语、状语、

17、定语等。Mother went to the supermarket. (作主语)He has a cat. （作宾语）This is a good book. （作表语）I consider the world a school. （宾补）Tom, monitor of our class, left school. （同位语） 注意：表示职务、头衔的名词前不加任何冠词。heart attack心脏病 a paper basket 纸篓 a film star 电影明星a sports meet运动会 a clothes shop衣服店 a glasses store 眼睛店（名词用单数形式

18、和复数形式做定语）The war lasted 8 years. （状语）第五节名词的修饰语1.只修饰可数名词的修饰语few很少几个，几乎没有, a few有一些, several有几个, many很多, a great/good many很多, a (large/great) number of大量的, (large/great) numbers of大量的2. 只修饰不可数名词的修饰语little很少，几乎没有, a little有一些, much一些，很多, a good/great deal of很多, a bit of有一点, 3. 既可以修饰可数名词也可以修饰不可数名词的修饰语so

19、me一些, a lot of/lots of很多, plenty of充足的, enough足够的, most大多数的some sugar一些糖, some problems一些问题, enough oil,足够的油 enough jobs足够的工作4.名词的其他修饰语 名词作定语修饰名词a stone bridge石桥, a meeting room会议室 形容词作定语修饰名词a pretty girl, a sunny day, a rich man 副词做定语修饰名词 （副词做定语修饰名词常置于名词的后面）the weather here这里的天气, the people there那边

20、的人, the pictures below下面的图画, the questions above 上面的问题 介词短语作定语修饰名词 （介词短语作定语常放在名词的后面）a girl in clean clothes 一个穿着干净的姑娘a boy with thick glasses 一个带深度眼镜的男孩第六节名词的单位1.普通单位词常见的有：piece, bit, article, little.a piece of paper一张纸, a piece of music一首乐曲, an article of clothes一件衣服, an article of daily use一件日用品,

21、a bit of advice一点建议, a bit of French一点法语, a little of water一点水, a little of money一点钱2. 度量单位词常见的有：meter, , pound, kilogram(kilo), ton, sum.a meter of cloth一米布, an inch of land一寸土地, a pound of sugar一磅糖, a ton of coal一吨煤,a sum of money一笔钱, a kilogram of tomatoes一公斤西红柿3. 容积单位常见的有：box, bag, basket, bottl

22、e, cup, glass, basin一般情况下，表示容积单位的词既可以修饰可数名词又可以修饰不可数名词。 a bag of rice一袋大米, a box of sweets一盒糖果, a bottle of milk一瓶牛奶, a cup of tea一杯茶, a glass of beer一杯啤酒, a basin of water一盆水4. 集体单位词（集体单位词是用来描述一个集体的）a crowd of people一群人, a group of children一群孩子, a team of players一队选手, a swarm of bees 一窝蜜蜂 英语中有些名词所表示

23、的物品是成双成对出现的，这些词语常用pair来修饰。a pair of glasses 一副眼镜 a pair of trousers一条裤子中考真题1.（2010.江西）-What _do you have for Paul?-I think he should study harder than before. A. news B. advice C.help D. information2. (2010.安徽)-Could you tell me something about the boy who helped you just now? -Sorry, I know nothing

24、 about him. We are _ A. friends B. neighbors C. classmates D. strangers3. (2010.天津) If you work hard, youll get good _ A. grades B. notes C. lessons D. answers4. (2010.上海)You can get much _about the World Expo on the Internet. A .map B. picture C.ticket D. information5. (2010.上海)The customers are pl

25、eased with the _of the restaurant. A. balance B. experience C.surface D. service6. (2010.河南)It was very hard for me to make a _, but I decided to leave my job. A. suggestion B. decision C. plan D. speech7. (2010.新疆)Mr.Green is hungry. Give him _to eat. A. a bottle of water B. some juice C. three pie

26、ces of bread D. some salt8. (2010.湖北襄樊)-Whats your job. Henry? -Im a _I work late. Im very busy when people go out to dinners.A. waiter B. reporter C. teacher D. nurse9. (2010.浙江宁波)-Michael likes flying around the world. -I think being a _is just right for him. A.pilot B. policeman C.cook D. doctor1

27、0. (2010.河北)I dont think looking after children is just _work. A.woman B. womans C.women D.womens11. (2011,泉州)Im thirsty. I want to buy _ A.two bottles of oranges B.two bottles of orange C.two bottle of oranges D.two bottle of orange12. (2011,济南)Xian is one of _capital _in China. A. older; cities B.

28、the older; city C.oldest; cities D. the oldest; cities13. (2011,滨州) _wonderful news report he wrote! All of us were proud of him. A.What a B. What C. How D. How a 14. (2011,菏泽)As young adults, it is our _to try our best to deal with each challenge in our education with the help of our teacher. A.wor

29、k B.job C.duty D.task15. (2011,眉山)June 1st is _Day. All the children enjoy it very much. A. Children B. Childrens C. Childrens D.Child16. (2008,汕头) _mothers both work in the same hospital. A.Tim and Peters B.Tims and Peter C.Tims and Peters D. Tim and Peter17. You neednt wait for Tom any longer. He

30、must be having supper at _ A.the Browns B. the Browns C. the Browns D. Browns18. (2011,清远)Im so hungry. Please give me _to eat. A.three breads B.three pieces of bread C.three pieces of breads D.three piece of bread19. (2011,广东)-I hear you run for half an hour every day. -Right, we have to. It is one of the _in our school. A. rules B. plans C.hobbies D.choices20. (2010,武汉)-Why are you still waiting in line? -