中石化第一次分级测试真题阅读 翻译 写作.docx

1、中石化第一次分级测试真题阅读 翻译 写作阅读 篇章1 当前题号：第1-10题，总题数：50题5Line Low wages, chronic unemployment and underemployment lead to low income, lack of property ownership, absence of savings, absence of food reserves in the home, and a chronic shortage of cash. These conditions reduce the possibility of effective parti

2、cipation in the larger economic system. And as a response to these conditions we find in the10culture of poverty a high incidence of pawning personal goods, borrowing from local money-lenders at higher rates of interest, spontaneous informal credit devices organized by neighbors, the use of secondha

3、nd clothing and furniture, and the pattern of frequent buying of small quantities of food many times a day as the need arises.15 People with a culture of poverty produce very little wealth and receive very little in return. They have a low level of literacy and education, usually do not belong to la

4、bor unions, are not members of political parties, generally do not participate in the national welfare agencies, and make very little use of banks, hospitals, department stores, museums or art galleries. They have a critical attitude toward some or the basic institutions of the dominant classes, hat

5、red of the police,mistrust of government, and a cynicism that extends even to the church.20This gives the culture of poverty a high potential for protest and forBeing used in political movements aimed against the existing socialorder. People with a culture of poverty are aware of middle-class values

6、,talk about them and even claim some of them as their own, but on the25whole they do not live by them. Thus it is important to distinguishbetweenwhat they say and what they do. For example, many will tellyou that marriage by law, by the church, or by both is the ideal form of marriage, but few will

7、marry. To men who have no steady jobs or othersources of income, who do not own property and have no wealth to pass30on to their children, who are present-time oriented and who want toavoid the expense and legal difficulties involved in formal marriage anddivorce, free unions or consensual marriages

8、 make a lot of sense. Women will often turn down offers of marriage because they feel it tiesthem down to men. Women feel that consensual union gives them a35better break; it gives them some of the freedom and flexibility that menhave. By not giving the fathers of their children legal status as husb

9、ands,the women have a stronger claim on their children if they decide toleave their men. It also gives women exclusive rights to a house or anyother property they may own.1.According to the passage, a defining characteristic of poverty is that poor people _.A.are isolated from the mainstream of soci

10、etyB.lack the skills to find decent jobsC.are responsible for their own povertyD.are constantly in a state of crisis2.The author of the passage uses the phrase “culture of poverty” (Line 6) to suggest that _.A.there are several classifications of poor peopleB.poor people often take pride in their po

11、vertyC.poor people share a common ethnicityD.poverty has become a prevailing way of life for some people3.The word “incidence” in Line 6 is closest in meaning to _.A.inflationB.introductionC.accidentD.occurrence4.The word “literacy” in Line 12 refers to the ability to _.A.go to schoolB.read and writ

12、eC.understand mathD.receive an education5.By asserting that the culture of poverty can be used by political movements (Line 19), the author is _.A.cautioning against an uprising by the poorB.showing how poverty may threaten social stabilityC.calling upon the middle class to fight against the poorD.j

13、ustifying the motives of politicians6.Which of the following best describes people with a culture of poverty?A.They work hard but receive little in returnB.Theyre cynical to all but the churchC.They usually ignore the national welfare agenciesD.They are economically active7.According to the last par

14、agraph, consensual union can provide poor women who refuse to get married legally with all of the following EXCEPT _.A.a free church wedding or civil ceremonyB.some of the freedom and flexibility that men haveC.a stronger claim on their children when they want to leave their menD.rights to a house o

15、r any other property8.A conclusion can be drawn from the last paragraph that men and women in the culture of poverty _.A.consider themselves unworthy of legal marriageB.prefer not to be in relationshipC.avoid legalized marriages for practical and economic reasonsD.do not trust each other to be faith

16、ful husbands and wives9.In the discussion of poverty, the author is most likely to agree that poverty _.A.is more widespread than most people thinkB.cannot be eliminatedC.weakens the fabric of societyD.means more than lack of money10.The word “it” in Line 37 refers to _.A.a better breakB.legal statu

17、sC.consensual unionD.illegal marriage篇章2 当前题号：第11-20题，总题数：50题；Line Cars account for half the oil consumed in the U.S., about half theurban pollution and one-fourth of the greenhouse gases. They take asimilar toll of resources in other industrial nations and in the cities of the5developing world. As

18、vehicle use continues to increase in the comingdecade, the U.S. and other countries will have to deal with these issuesor else face unacceptable economic, health-related and political costs. Itis unlikely that oil prices will remain at their current low level or thatother nations will accept a large

19、 and growing U.S. contribution to global10climate change. Policymakers and industry have four options: reduce vehicle use,increase the efficiency and reduce the emissions of conventionalgasoline-powered vehicles, switch to less harmful fuels, or find lesspolluting driving systems. The last of these

20、in particular the15introduction of vehicles powered by electricity is ultimately the onlysustainable option. The other alternatives are attractive in theory but inpractice are either impractical or offer only marginal improvements. Forexample, reduced vehicle use could solve traffic problems and a h

21、ost ofsocial and environmental problems, but evidence from around the world20suggests that it is difficult to make people give up their cars to anysignificant extent. In the U.S., mass-transit ridership and carpoolinghave declined since World War II. Even in Western Europe, with fuelprices averaging

22、 more than1 a liter (about 4 a gallon) and with easilyaccessible mass transit and dense populations, cars still account for 8025percent of all passenger travel.Improved energy efficiency is also appealing, but automotive fueleconomy has barely made any progress in 10 years. Alternative fuelssuch as

23、natural gas, burned in internal-combustion engines, could beintroduced at relatively low cost, but they would lead to only marginalreductions in pollution and greenhouse gas emissions (especiallybecause oil companies are already spending billions of dollars everyyear to develop less polluting types

24、of gasoline).11.It can be learned from the passage that the increased use of cars will _.A.consume half of the oil produced in the worldB.have serious consequences on the well-being of all nationsC.impose an economic burden on residents of large citiesD.widen the gap between the developed and develo

25、ping countries12.America has to solve the problems arising from vehicle use because _.A.few Americans are reluctant to switch to public transportationB.the present level of oil prices is considered unacceptableC.it should take the lead in conserving natural resourcesD.other countries are unsatisfied

26、 about its large greenhouse emissions13.According to the author, Americas contribution to global climate change is _.A.increasingB.decreasingC.fluctuatingD.stabilizing14.Which of the following is the best solution to the problems mentioned in the passage?A.The designing of highly efficient car engin

27、esB.A reduction of vehicle use in citiesC.The use of less polluting fuelsD.The development of electric cars15.What does “host” in Line 17 mean?A.Person who serves people as guestsB.Anchor of a television program, etc.C.Large number of somethingD.Caretaker of an inn16. What is the meaning of “carpool

28、ing” in Line 20? A. People riding together in one car B. A number of cars used by a companys salesmen C. A person who owns many cars D. Cars owned by an organization for the use of its members17. According to the passage, after World War II many people in the U.S. _.A.only used railwaysB.preferred t

29、heir own cars for travelC.always used public transportationD.insist on carpooling18. Which of the following is practical but only makes a small contribution to solving the problem of greenhouse emissions?A.Slowing down fuel economyB.The use of fuels other than gasolineC.Reducing car use by carpoolin

30、gD.The introduction of less polluting driving systems19. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A.The decline of public transportation accounts for increased car use in Western EuropeB.Cars are popular in Western Europe even though fuel prices are fairly highC.Western Eur

31、ope oil companies cannot sustain the cost of developing new-type fuelsD.The reduction of vehicle use is the only sustainable option in densely populated Western Europe20. The word “they” in Line 28 refers to _.A.internal-combustion enginesB.marginal reductionsC.alternative fuelsD.greenhouse emissions篇章3 当前题号：第21-30题，总题数：50题；Line Cancer has always been with us, but not always in the same way. Itscare and management have differed over time and have its identity.visibility, and meaning. Pick up the thread of histor