英语国家社会与文化入门 课后题答案之欧阳体创编.docx

1、英语国家社会与文化入门 课后题答案之欧阳体创编Book1 Unit 1时间：2021.02.03创作：欧阳体1.What was the British Empire? What do you know about it? In what way is the “Empire” still felt in Britain and in the international field?The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled

2、or administered by the United Kingdom, that had originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.In the international field, Britain has great voice in politics, economy and culture and so on.2.Why impossible to sum up British p

3、eople with a few simple phrases: The UK is made up of different elements. It includes 4 parts within the one nation-state. It is now a multiracial society with different religion believes. It is divided economically and it is a society with a class-structure. And within each of the four countries th

4、ere are different regions. Since this country was so complicated both in history or humanity, it is impossible to sum up their people.3.A history of invasions: (1) Before the 1st century AD Britain was made up of tribal kindoms of Celtic people. They brought the central Europen culture to Britain. T

5、hen in 43AD, Roman Empire invaded Britain and controlled it for slave society but also disseminated their Catholicism. (2)However, in the 5th century, the Roman Empire rapidly waned in power and Britain was conquered by the Angles and the Saxons. In order to defend the Saxons, a great leaderKing Art

6、hur appeared. He created the round table to satisfy all the knights requirement of having equal precedence. Thus it gradually formed the monarchy in Britain as a more democratic system. Whether Arthurs a real person in the history or not, Anglo-Saxons did succeed in invading Britain and they were th

7、e forefathers of the English. (3)In the 8th century, the Vikings from Denmark controlled the nothern and eastern England. A Anglo-Saxon herio, king Alfred the Great fought against the vikings with the truly English. And thats why theres a certain cultural difference between northerners and southerne

8、rs in England (4)Later, the Nomans from northern France, under the leading of William of Normandy, killed the king and William became the Frist of England. They imported a rulling class that French-speaking Norman aristocracy rulled Saxon and English-speaking population. In this condition, there wer

9、ent a lot of rebellions among the English people. That directly formed an English unique character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity. Even today, we can still find this personality from the British people through their lifestyles.How did they influence culture:接

10、着上边一起看 (2) a lot of stories of King Arthur, which brought a lot of singers, poets, novelists and filmmakers. Places associated with his legend. Round table was ween as an indicator of the way in which the English have wished to see their monarch as something other than a remote dictator. (3)anglo-sa

11、xon invaders were the forefathers of the English. By Vikings settlements the Enlish heroes were truly English. There remains to this day a certain cultural divide between northerners and southerners in england. (4)Norman aristocracy ruling a largely Saxon and English-speaking population. the legend

12、of Robin Hood.4.General characteristic of Scotland: Scotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area. It is also the most confident of its own identity because alone amongst the non-English components of the UK it has previously spent a substantial peri

13、od of history as a unified state independent of the UK. (1) rugged. (2) not conquered by the Romans (3) maintain its separate political identity for more than a hundred years.(4) eager for independence.How Scotland became part of the union of Great Britain: in 1707 by agreement of the English and Sc

14、ottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union. In 1745 there was a brutal military response from the British army. The rebel army was destroyed at the battle of Culloden in northern Scotland.5.Describe Wales and the unification with Britain: (1) wales was an important element in Britains industrial

15、revolution, as it had rich coal deposits. It is successful in attracting investment from abroad. Wales has been dominated by England for longer than the other nations of the union. Despite this nearness and long-standing political integration Wales retains a powerful sense of its difference from Eng

16、land. (2)Wales has been dominated by England for longer than the other nations of the union. Despite this nearness and long-standing political integration Wales retains a powerful sense of its difference from England. In 1536, wales was brought legally, administratively, and politically into the UK

17、by an act of the British parliament. This close long-standing relationship means that modern wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses - its legal system and its education system are exactly the same as in England.6.Differences between England, Scotland and Wales i

18、n terms of cultural tradition: 书上说的比较散，建议参考festival那章的答案，这里只有一些零散的不系统的比较 (1) English character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity. But young people are not all stereotypes. But it is certainly true that the lifeless fronts of many english houses conceal beautiful

19、 back gardens. (2)The dream of an independent Scotland has not vanished. They are always eager for freedom. Scotland has a great tradition of innovation in the arts, philosophy and science. Superficially fully integrated into the UK, but concealed beneath this is a still-strong Scottish identity. So

20、me people speak Gaelic.(3)Wales is different, and one of the key markers of that diffenece is the Welsh language - the old British Celtic tongue which is still in daily use. Modern wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses. (its legal system and education system ar

21、e exactly the same as in England)Unit 21. Why is Northern Ireland so significant in the UK: Though Northern Ireland is small it is significant because of the political troubles there.Its political problem: The problem is in Northern Ireland in 1921 in southern Ireland independence from Britain, Irel

22、and North and South following the separation of issues left over by history, mixed it with historical, political, ethnic and religious conflicts, extremely complex. Irelands independence, to remain under British rule within the framework of the 6 in the northern island of Ireland residents of the pr

23、o-British Protestant majority (about 51%), the Catholic nationalist minority (about 38%), as a result of the two major forces in Northern Ireland On the contrary position of ownership and lead to confrontation, conflict. 因为发现实在太难sum up了，所以就搜了一下，以下是wikipedia版本Northern Ireland was for many years the s

24、ite of a violent and bitter ethno-political conflict the Troubles which was caused by divisions between nationalists, who are predominantly Roman Catholic, and unionists, who are predominantly Protestant. Unionists want Northern Ireland to remain as a part of the United Kingdom,6 while nationalists

25、wish for it to be politically reunited with the rest of Ireland, independent of British rule. 网络其它版本Until 1921 the full name of the UK was The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, not only Northern Ireland, because the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain, an

26、d had been since 1801, while Britains domination of the Irish dated back centuries even before that date. But Irish desires for an independent Irish state were never lost, and one of the key issues in late nineteenth century British politics was a campaign in parliament for what was called home-rule

27、Irish political control of Irish affairs. The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspended for the duration of the war.2.Factors in Irish and English history that affect the situation in Northern Ireland today: Along with the polit

28、ical campaign for home-rule there were groups who followed a more direct method of pursuing Irish independence, engaging in guerilla or terrorist activities against British institutions and the British military forces. During the First World War and immediately after, this activity increased, someti

29、mes brutally suppressed by British forces.3.Sum up solutions to NIs political problems of different parties and groups in the UK: Margaret Thatchers government did not give in to this demand for political status and 11 prisoners starved to death. This event revitalised the political campaign of Sinn

30、 Fein, the legal political party which supports the IRAs right to fight. Its leaders spoke of a twin campaign for union with Ireland, both political and military, which they called the policy of The Bullet and the Ballot Box.4.What do you think should be the right solution to the political problem i

31、n Northern Ireland: I think they can ask the UN for help. / Keep the present status. Turn to other countries for help. 自由发挥啦Unit 31.Characteristics of the British constitutional monarchy: The monarch of the country has limited rights because of Bill of Right. For example, while the official head of

32、state is the queen, her powers are largely traditional and symbolic. The government at national and local levels is elected by the people and governs according to British constitutional principles.How the English monarchy evolved to present constitutional monarchy: Originally the power of the monarch was largely derived from the ancient doctrine of the divine right of kings. For a thousand years Britain has had a hereditary king or queen as the head of the state. While the King in theory had God on his side, in practice even in medieval times it was thought that he should not ex