presentation 讲义1.docx

1、presentation 讲义1IntroductionAll presentations have a common objective. People give presentations because they want to communicate in order to: inform train persuade sell A successful presentation is one of the most effective ways of communicating your message. And because English is so widely used i

2、n international business, a working knowledge of the vocabulary and techniques used in an English language presentation is a valuable asset.PreparationCan you name the 3 most important things when giving any presentation?Number 1 is . . .PreparationNumber 2 is . . .Preparation!Number 3 is . . .Prepa

3、ration!Preparation is everything!With good preparation and planning you will be totally confident and less nervous. And your audience will feel your confidence. Your audience, too, will be confident. They will be confident in you. And this will give you control. Control of your audience and of your

4、presentation. With control, you will be in charge and your audience will listen positively to your message.ObjectiveBefore you start to prepare a presentation, you should ask yourself: Why am I making this presentation? Do you need to inform, to persuade, to train or to sell? Your objective should b

5、e clear in your mind. If it is not clear in your mind, it cannot possibly be clear to your audience.AudienceWho am I making this presentation to? Sometimes this will be obvious, but not always. You should try to inform yourself. How many people? Who are they? Business people? Professional people? Po

6、litical people? Experts or non-experts? Will it be a small, intimate group of 4 colleagues or a large gathering of 400 competitors? How much do they know already and what will they expect from you?VenueWhere am I making this presentation? In a small hotel meeting-room or a large conference hall? Wha

7、t facilities and equipment are available? What are the seating arrangements?Time and lengthWhen am I making this presentation and how long will it be? Will it be 5 minutes or 1 hour? Just before lunch, when your audience will be hungry, or just after lunch, when your audience will be sleepy?MethodHo

8、w should I make this presentation? What approach should you use? Formal or informal? Lots of visual aids or only a few? Will you include some anecdotes and humour for variety?ContentWhat should I say? Now you must decide exactly what you want to say. First, you should brainstorm your ideas. You will

9、 no doubt discover many ideas that you want to include in your presentation. But you must be selective. You should include only information that is relevant to your audience and your objective. You should exclude all other ideas. You also need to create a title for your presentation (if you have not

10、 already been given a title). The title will help you to focus on the subject. And you will prepare your visual aids, if you have decided to use them. But remember, in general, less is better than more (a little is better than a lot). You can always give additional information during the questions a

11、fter the presentation.StructureA well organised presentation with a clear structure is easier for the audience to follow. It is therefore more effective. You should organise the points you wish to make in a logical order. Most presentations are organised in three parts, followed by questions:Beginni

12、ngShort introduction welcome your audience introduce your subject explain the structure of your presentation explain rules for questions MiddleBody of presentation present the subject itself EndShort conclusion summarise your presentation thank your audience invite questions Questions and AnswersNot

13、esWhen you give your presentation, you should be - or appear to be - as spontaneous as possible. You should not read your presentation! You should be so familiar with your subject and with the information that you want to deliver that you do not need to read a text. Reading a text is boring! Reading

14、 a text will make your audience go to sleep! So if you dont have a text to read, how can you remember to say everything you need to say? With notes. You can create your own system of notes. Some people make notes on small, A6 cards. Some people write down just the title of each section of their talk

15、. Some people write down keywords to remind them. The notes will give you confidence, but because you will have prepared your presentation fully, you may not even need them!RehearsalRehearsal is a vital part of preparation. You should leave time to practise your presentation two or three times. This

16、 will have the following benefits: you will become more familiar with what you want to say you will identify weaknesses in your presentation you will be able to practise difficult pronunciations you will be able to check the time that your presentation takes and make any necessary modifications So p

17、repare, prepare, prepare! Prepare everything: words, visual aids, timing, equipment. Rehearse your presentation several times and time it. Is it the right length? Are you completely familiar with all your illustrations? Are they in the right order? Do you know who the audience is? How many people? H

18、ow will you answer difficult questions? Do you know the room? Are you confident about the equipment? When you have answered all these questions, you will be a confident, enthusiastic presenter ready to communicate the subject of your presentation to an eager audience.EquipmentEasily your most import

19、ant piece of equipment is.YOU! Make sure youre in full working order, and check your personal presentation carefully - if you dont, your audience will!The overhead projector (OHP) displays overhead transparencies (OHTs or OHPTs). It has several advantages over the 35mm slide projector: it can be use

20、d in daylight the user can face the audience the user can write or draw directly on the transparency while in use The whiteboard (more rarely blackboard or greenboard) is a useful device for spontaneous writing - as in brainstorming, for example. For prepared material, the OHP might be more suitable

21、. The duster is used for cleaning the whiteboard. It is essential that the duster be clean to start with. You may consider carrying your own duster just in case. Markers are used for writing on the whiteboard (delible - you can remove the ink) or flipchart (indelible - you cannot remove the ink). Th

22、ey are usually available in blue, red, black and green. Again, its a good idea to carry a spare set of markers in case you are given some used ones which do not write well. A good workman never blames his tools. The flipchart consists of several leaves of paper that you flip or turn over. Some peopl

23、e prefer the flipchart to the whiteboard, but its use is limited to smaller presentations. The Slide projector - which must be used in a darkened room - adds a certain drama. Some slide projectors can be synchronised with audio for audio-visual (AV) presentations. These projectors are typically used

24、 for larger presentations. The majority take 35mm slides or transparencies (as seen here), but projectors for 6x6cm slides are also available. Transparencies are projected by an overhead projector or a slide projector onto a screen - in this case a folding screen which can be packed up and transport

25、ed. The notebook computer is increasingly being used to display graphics during presentations. It is often used in conjunction with an overhead projector, which actually projects the image from the computer screen onto the wall screen. Handouts are any documents or samples that you hand out or distr

26、ibute to your audience. Note that it is not usually a good idea to distribute handouts before your presentation. The audience will read the handouts instead of listening to you.DeliveryDelivery refers to the way in which you actually deliver or perform or give your presentation. Delivery is a vital

27、aspect of all presentations. Delivery is at least as important as content, especially in a multi-cultural context.NervesMost speakers are a little nervous at the beginning of a presentation. So it is normal if you are nervous. The answer is to pay special attention to the beginning of your presentat

28、ion. First impressions count. This is the time when you establish a rapport with your audience. During this time, try to speak slowly and calmly. You should perhaps learn your introduction by heart. After a few moments, you will relax and gain confidence.Audience RapportYou need to build a warm and

29、friendly relationship with your audience. Enthusiasm is contagious. If you are enthusiastic your audience will be enthusiastic too. And be careful to establish eye contact with each member of your audience. Each person should feel that you are speaking directly to him or her. This means that you mus

30、t look at each person in turn - in as natural a way as possible. This will also give you the opportunity to detect signs of boredom, disinterest or even disagreement, allowing you to modify your presentation as appropriate. Your objective is to communicate!Body LanguageWhat you do not say is at leas

31、t as important as what you do say. Your body is speaking to your audience even before you open your mouth. Your clothes, your walk, your glasses, your haircut, your expression - it is from these that your audience forms its first impression as you enter the room. Generally speaking, it is better to

32、stand rather than sit when making a presentation. Be aware of and avoid any repetitive and irritating gestures. Be aware, too, that the movement of your body is one of your methods of control. When you move to or from the whiteboard, for example, you can move fast or slowly, raising or reducing the dynamism within the audience. You can stand very still while talki