托福语法OG官方指南.docx

1、托福语法OG官方指南OG(官方指南)对托福写作在“语言运用”方面的要求是“appropriate word choices”和“a variety of sentence structures”，也就是“词汇能恰当传达意思就好，句式多样就好”。换句话说，托福写作在词汇和句式上没有任何“高大上”的要求。英语写作中最简单的句式共2种：一是“主(S.)+谓(V.)+宾(O.)”;二是“主(S.)+系(V.)+表(P.)”。前者为根本，在此称之为英语句式之“魂”。以公式表达的话，“魂”=“主+谓+宾”= N.(名词) + V.(动词) + N.(名词)，最少由3个单词组成。比如说，Jack plays

2、 basketball。但一篇300字以上的独立作文绝对不可能由100来句3个单词的句子构成。所以，我们要帮“魂”进行“增肥”，也就是给它加内容。那到底可以加哪些内容呢?在我认为，只须往里加4个词：名词(N.)、动词(V.)、形容词(Adj.)、副词(Adv.)。五种基本句型：S+Vi, S+V+O, S+V+0+C, S+V+Oi+Od, S+LV+PSubject=主语Verbal phrase=谓语Object=宾语 （Oi=间接宾语，Od=直接宾语）Complement=补语Predicative=表语S+Vi（主谓）Without gun, the suicide rate will

3、 go down.Female violence has risen dramatically in recent decades.S+V+O（主谓宾）Media violence affect childrens mental health.Frequent physical punishment contributes to a childs later crimes.练习：由于他老师的推荐，他顺利地找到了一份好工作。He smoothly found a good job for his teachers recommendation.性格因人而异。Characters vary fro

4、m person to person.不管发生什么事情，我们应该保持一个积极的生活态度而不是消极的心态。Whatever happens, we should maintain a positive attitude towards life instead of passive attitude.适当的休息和足够的睡眠有益于长寿。Proper rest and enough sleep contribute to longevity.S+V+0+C（主谓宾宾补）Gambling may turn an ordinary man crazy.Educators call TV both a g

5、ood and bad information source.Parents should encourage their kids to take part in more rewarding activities.练习：We guarantee you a warm welcome.我们保证对你热烈欢迎。These skills will make them more valuable employees in the future.这些技巧会帮助他们在未来成为更有价值的员工。All the critics considered the book a masterpiece.所有的评论家都

6、认为这本书是一部杰作。We found him a very suitable person for the job.我们发现他很适合做这项工作。Many people found their rewards unfair.许多人觉得他们的回报不公平。S+V+Oi+Od（主谓间宾直宾）Gambling could bring us a dramatic increase in crime.Communicative service offers wrongdoers an opportunity to correct their misconduct.练习：His uncle found hi

7、m a well-paid job in Shanghai.他叔叔在上海给他找到一份薪水很高的工作。Doing morning exercises everyday does us a lot of good.每天晨练对我们大有好处。Id like to leave you the books Ive kept for so many years.我想把保留多年的书籍留给你。They allowed me three days to do the work.他们给我三天时间来做这份工作。The work cost me a lot of time and effort.这项工作花费了我大量的时

8、间和精力。S+LV+P（主系表）Young people are the pillars of society.Environmentalists opinions sound convincing.练习：Education is one of the key words of our time.教育是我们这个时代的关键词。Elderly people are growing healthier, happier and more independent.老年人正在变得更加健康，更加幸福，更加独立。In most parts of the world, the relation between

9、 population and resources is already unfavorable and will probably become even more unfavorable in the future.在世界上大多数地区，人口与资源之间的关系已经不理想，也许在将来变得更加不利。The modern world is full of competition.现代世界充满竞争。The Internet is the key to all the knowledge and information available in the world today.互联网是当今世界所有知识和

10、信息的关键。S+V+O1. The toxic gases .有毒气体危害人们健康。2. Before presenting my view, I will .在表明观点之前，我将讨论一下这具有争议的事件的正反面。3. Art funding .资助艺术浪费我们有限的公共资金。4. Playing computer games .打游戏浪费父母的血汗钱。5.Improper living habits .不良的生活习惯有害健康。6. Unrestrained development of tourism .旅游业无限制的发展破坏生态平衡。7. Cross-cultural communicat

11、ion can .跨文化交流有助于消除偏见和敌意。8. Many residents the construction site which makes great noise day and night.很多居民投诉整天发出巨大噪音的工地。9. computer games .过分沉迷于电脑游戏导致肥胖和近视。10. You advertisement in Guangzhou Morning Post me.贵公司刊载于广州英文早报的广告吸引了我。11. I can hardly the latter opinion for the following several sound reas

12、ons.我很难认同后一种观点，理由有以下几方面。S+V+Oi+Od1. I wish Wu Jiachen .我祝吴佳辰一路顺风。2. Job-hopping offers people an opportunity to .跳槽给人们展示才艺的机会。3. The installation of cameras brings residents .摄像头的安装给居民强烈的安全感。4. Museums give people .博物馆给人们民族自豪感和归属感。5. Part-time jobs give students through contributing to society.通过为社会

13、做贡献，学生从兼职工作中获得一种成就感。.S+V+O+C1. The life makes many people sick.紧张的生活使很多人生病。2. People call TV .人们把电视叫做白痴盒子。3. I require you to send some as soon as possible.我要求你尽快派人处理这棘手的问题。4. The Internet enables us to the latest information worldwide.互联网使我们很容易接触到全世界的全新的资讯。S+LV+P1. is one of mans greatest .生物多元化是人类

14、最大的财富。2. TV is a . 电视是个消磨时间的东西。3. Playing computer games is . 打游戏是个费时的爱好。4. The number of visitors to U.S.A. during the summer. 到美国的游客数目在夏季保持不变。5. Cloning is . 克隆是违背自然和不道德的。6. The project sounds quite . 这个方案听起来相当令人信服和具有建设性。一、名词(N.)都知道名词是一个词，主要充当“魂”里的“主”和“宾”。拿Jack plays basketball来说，要想往里面加名词，就只须在主语“J

15、ack”和宾语“basketball”处并列一个名词。比如说，Jack and I play basketball / Jack plays basketball and football。其实，名词还可以是一个句子(即：一个句子充当主句中的一个名词)。由于名词主要用作“主”和“宾”，故常见的名词性句子有：“主语从句”和“宾语从句”。 主语从句：That + 句子 + V. + O.，此处的“That + 句子”其实就充当了“魂”的主语(S.)。比如说，That Jack plays basketball remains a secret (杰克会打篮球这件事情大家都不知道)。当然，以“Tha

16、t”开头的句子不多见，因为这样易出现“头重脚轻”的问题，所以“主语从句”常转化为由形式主语“it”引导的句型。比如说，“It remains a secret that Jack plays basketball”。 宾语从句：S. + V. + that + 句子，此处的“that + 句子”其实就充当了“魂”的宾语(O.)。比如说： I believe that Jack plays basketball(我相信杰克会打篮球)。种类关联词例 句说 明主语从句连词ThatThat he will come and help you is certain.他来帮助你是确实无疑的。that在引导

17、主语从句时不可省去WhetherWhether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。主语从句中只能用whether不可用if。连接代词whowhatwhichwhateverWhat he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。主语从句放在句首，句子常显得笨重，因此一般连接副词whenwherewhyhowIt is known t

18、o us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。把它移到句子后面，前面用引导词“it”来作形式主语。宾语从句陈述意义thatI believe(that) he is honest. 我相信他是忠诚的。We must never think(that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为

19、自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。疑问意义ifwhetherI wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。I dont know if(whether) it is interesting. 我不知道它是否有意思。He doesnt care if it isnt a fine day.他不在乎天气是否好。

20、whether常与or not连用，不能用if代替。作介词宾语要用whether不能用if。从句是否定句时一般用if引导。特殊疑问意义who, whom,which,whose,what, when,where, why,how,whoever,whatever,whicheverPlease tell me what you want.请告诉我你需要什么？She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。She will give whoever needs help a warm support.凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热

21、情的支持。宾语从句作及物动词宾语也可做介词的宾语。注1如果宾语从句后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，将从句后置。We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished. 我们必须认清无论谁违反了法律都要受到惩罚。注2think, believe, imagine, suppose等动词引出的宾语从句，要将从句中的否定形式，移到主句中。We dont think you are right. 我们认为你不对。I dont believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做的。Whether te

22、chnology is a blessing or a curse has sparked off considerable debate.技术是福还是祸已经引发了大量的争辩。Whether traditions deserve preserving has sparked a heated discussion in our community. 传统是否值得我们保护在我们的社区引发了一场激烈的讨论。1.Whoever has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.2.What can be done to conserve t

23、raditional culture will be presented in the essay.3.It is widely accepted that international tourism has promoted cross-cultural communication.4.It is necessary that museum accumulate objects that are beautiful, costly, rare or merely curious.5.It is an unavoidable task that the young generation con

24、serve their national and cultural heritage.6.It goes without saying that home is the warmest place in the world.存在句型该句型以there开头，其后是系动词，再接其它成分，主要表达事物的存在。There is no such thing as an unbiased observation.世界上不存在所谓的不偏不倚的观察。In my opinion, there is nothing wrong with children engaging in paid work.在我看来，儿童

25、参加有偿劳动没有错误。There 之后除了使用系动词之外，也可以使用come, emerge, exist, lie, live, occur, stand, be likely to be, happen to be, seem to be, turn out to be, used to be等表示状态或发生的动词。Now, however, there turned out to be more to the story.然而，这里发生的一切比上述所说的更多。存在句型也可和动词的被动语态结合在一起。There is expected to be a slight drop to 18%

26、in 2030.预计将会在2030年轻微下强至18%。练习：不可否认，电脑有潜力在课堂上启发灵感。There is no denying that computers have the potential to perform inspiring feats in the classroom.特别是在发展中国家，迫切需要扩大医疗和社会保障网络。There is an urgent need, particularly in developing countries, to expand health-care and social security networks.There is only

27、 one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old man has a splendid past behind him.老年人和年轻人之间只有一点差别：年轻人的前面是光辉灿烂的前程，老年人的背后有着美好的过去。There is a great technological explosion around us, generated by science.在我们周围出现了有科学引起的巨大科技爆炸。表语从句连词thatwheth

28、eras ifThe problem is(that) they cant get here early enough. 问题是他们不能很早到达这里。It looks as if its going to rain.看起来天要下雨。在非正式的文体中that可以省去表语从句位于主句系动词之后连接代词whowhatwhichThats just what I want. 这正是我想要的。The question is who(which of you) will be the next speaker. 问题是谁（你们哪一位）接着发言。连接副词whenwherewhyhowThis is wher

29、e our problem lies.这就是我们的问题所在。That is why he didnt come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。同位语从句由连词that引导，不担任成分，也可有when, how, where等引导。The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world.他曾在月球上登陆这个消息传遍世界。I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。The thought came to him that Ma

30、ry had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.他必须回答他是否同意此事这样一个问题。同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容，常用的名词如：fact, news, idea, hope, thought,question, order, fear, doubt, word, proof， belief, story等。The biggest change in education in China is that it has become more

31、 available to more people.中国教育的最大变化就是，已经有更多的人可以接受教育。The question is what step we should take next.问题在于下一步我们该采取什么措施。The critical question now is whether this can become the norm, rather than the exception.当前关键的问题是这种做法能否成为标准，而不是一种例外。There is mounting evidence that learning a language produces psychological changes in the brain.有越来越多的