TED英语演讲辩论一定要分出胜负最新范文.docx

1、TED英语演讲辩论一定要分出胜负最新范文TED英语演讲：辩论一定要分出胜负我们为什么辩论?为了驳倒我们的反对者,证明他们是错的,最主要的是,为了赢!没错吧?哲学家丹尼尔H科恩向我们展示了辩论最普遍的形式一定要分出胜负的战争式辩论,即把辩论当作战斗,胜者为王败者寇的方式,使我们失去了在持有不同见解是所能获得的真正益处。下面是小编为大家收集关于TED英语演讲：辩论一定要分出胜负,欢迎借鉴参考。TED英语演讲：辩论一定要分出胜负!演说者：Daniel H. CohenMy name isDan Cohen, and I am academic, as he said. And what that m

2、eans is that I argue.Its an important part of my life, and I like to argue. And Im not just anacademic, Im a philosopher, so I like to think that Im actually pretty goodat arguing. But I also like to think a lot about arguing.我叫丹科恩,我是个学者,就像主持人介绍的。这意味着我经常需要辩论。这是我生命中的重要组成部分,同时我喜欢辩论。我不仅仅是个学者,我也是个哲学家,所以

3、我觉得是实际上还是挺擅长辩论的。但是我也经常思考有关辩论的问题。And thinking about arguing, Ive come across somepuzzles, and one of the puzzles is thatas Ive been thinking about arguing overthe years, and its been decades now, Ive gotten better at arguing, but themore that I argue and the better I get at arguing, the more that I l

4、ose. Andthats a puzzle. And the other puzzle is that Im actually okay with that. Whyis it that Im okay with losing and why is it that I think that good arguersare actually better at losing?说起辩论,我曾有过一些困惑,而其中一个困惑是我多年前开始考虑如何辩论,至今已有二十多年了,我也变得更善于辩论,但是越是辩论,我就能从中获取更多,同时也失去更多。这就是一个困惑。而另一个困惑就是我其实觉得这没什么大不了的。为

5、什么我会觉得失去一些什么也无关紧要,为什么好的辩论者实际上更善于失去?Well, theres some other puzzles. One is, why do weargue? Who benefits from arguments?And when I think about arguments now, Imtalking about, lets call them academic arguments or cognitive arguments, wheresomething cognitive is at stake. Is this proposition true? Is

6、this theory agood theory? Is this a viable interpretation of the data or the text? And soon. Im not interested really in arguments about whose turn it is to do thedishes or who has to take out the garbage. Yeah, we have those arguments too. Itend to win those arguments, because I know the tricks. Bu

7、t those arent theimportant arguments. Im interested in academic arguments today, and here arethe things that puzzle me.好了,其实我还有以下其他困惑。例如,我们为什么辩论?而谁又从辩论中获益? 需要指出的是当我谈及辩论时,我所指的,是所谓学术辩论亦或者认知辩论,就一些我们知之甚少的方面进行辩论。例如我们的认知是否正确?这个理论是不是个好理论?对于某些数据或者文字这是不是一个很好的解释?以及很多其他的问题。我无心去争论今天该谁洗碗或者谁应该倒垃圾。当然,我们也会为那些问题争论。我

8、经常在那类争论争论中胜出,因为我知道一些技巧。当时那些辩论没有那么重要。我感兴趣的是那些学术性辩论,而接下来这是我感到困惑的事情。First, what do good arguers win when they win anargument? What do I win if I convince you that utilitarianism isnt really theright framework for thinking about ethical theories? So what do we win when wewin an argument? Even before tha

9、t, what does it matter to me whether you havethis idea that Kants theory works or Mills the right ethicist to follow? Itsno skin off my back whether you think functionalism is a viable theory of mind.So why do we even try to argue? Why do we try to convince other people tobelieve things that they do

10、nt want to believe? And is that even a nice thingto do? Is that a nice way to treat another human being, try and make them thinksomething they dont want to think?首先,当人们赢得一场辩论的时候,作为一个优秀的辩论者,他从中学到了什么?如果我能说服你实用主义不能用来解释道德理论的话,我能从中获得什么呢?所以我们到底可以从一场辩论中学到什么?而且在此之前,你是追随康德还是密尔又有跟我什么关系呢?无论你是否认为,功能主义是否是一个可取的思维

11、方式都对我没有什么影响。所以我们为什么会想去辩论?为什么我们要去说服别人相信那些他们不愿相信的事情?我们到底应不应该这么做?用这种方式去对待他人,迫使他们去思考一些他们不想去思考的东西?Well, my answer is going to make reference to threemodels for arguments. The first model, lets call this the dialectical model,is that we think of arguments as war, and you know what thats like. Theres alot

12、of screaming and shouting and winning and losing, and thats not really avery helpful model for arguing but its a pretty common and entrenched modelfor arguing.好了,为了回答这个问题,让我们来参照三种不同的辩论方式.第一种模式,让我们称之为辩证模式,这种模式的辩论更想是打仗,相信你们都经历过。经常充满了尖叫和大喊而且伴有胜负,这对于辩论来说不是一个很有帮助的方式却也是相当常见且”侵略性“的方式。But theres a second mo

13、del for arguing: arguments asproofs. Think of a mathematicians argument. Heres my argument. Does it work?Is it any good? Are the premises warranted? Are the inferences valid? Does theconclusion follow from the premises? No opposition, no adversariality, notnecessarily any arguing in the adversarial

14、sense.这里还有第二种辩论的模式：论证式 想想数学家的辩论。这是我的辩论方式.它有用吗?有什么优点吗?我们论证时的前提是正确的吗?我们的推论有效吗?我们的结论是否由前提推导出来?没有对立,没有敌意,辩论并非必须在一个敌对意识下进行。But theres a third model to keep in mind that I thinkis going to be very helpful, and that is arguments as performances, argumentsas being in front of an audience. We can think of a

15、politician trying topresent a position, trying to convince the audience of something. But theresanother twist on this model that I really think is important, namely that whenwe argue before an audience, sometimes the audience has a more participatoryrole in the argument, that is, arguments are also

16、audiences in front of jurieswho make a judgment and decide the case. Lets call this the rhetorical model,where you have to tailor your argument to the audience at hand. You know,presenting a sound, well-argued, tight argument in English before a francophoneaudience just isnt going to work. So we hav

17、e these models - argument as war,argument as proof, and argument as performance.但是我们还应该注意到其实还有第三种方式,我认为它非常有效,它就是表演式辩论,如同在观众面前辩论。我们可以想想一个政客想要竞选一个职位,或尝试去让他的观众接受他的政见。但是我认为对这个模式的一个曲解有必要指出,亦即当我们在观众面前辩论时,有些时候观众在辩论中起了更重要的参与作用,我们的如同面对了一群陪审团,他们判断是非,裁定诉案。让我们称之为修辞模式,这种模式下你就要像裁缝一样为观众量身定制一场辩论。你要一场听上去激烈讨论,严谨论证的英语

18、辩论,而听众是一群法国人,那就是白费力气。你看我们有这么多辩论模式-战争式辩论,论证式辩论,表演式辩论。Of those three, the argument as war is the dominant one.It dominates how we talk about arguments, it dominates how we think aboutarguments, and because of that, it shapes how we argue, our actual conduct inarguments.在这三种模式中,战争式辩论占了主导。它使每当我们提起辩论,就是这

19、种模式。这种模式基本代表了我们对辩论的理解,也因此,它影响了我们辩论的方式,我们在辩论时的表现。Now, when we talk about arguments, yeah, we talk in avery militaristic language. We want strong arguments, arguments that have a lotof punch, arguments that are right on target.We want to have our defenses upand our strategies all in order. We want kil

20、ler arguments.Thats the kind ofargument we want. It is the dominant way of thinking about arguments.When Imtalking about arguments, thats probably what you thought of, the adversarialmodel. But the war metaphor, the war paradigm or model for thinking aboutarguments, has, I think, deforming effects o

21、n how we argue.如今当我们谈起辩论,我们就会进入一种军国主义的论调。我们需要具有攻击性的辩论,辩论时就如同给对手的脸上来上几拳,最好每个论点都直击要害。我们想把自己武装起来,组织好策略去应对。我们想要击败对手。那就是我们想要的辩论。这就是一种主流的辩论观。当我说到辩论的时候,很可能你马上想到的就是敌对模式。战争模式这个比方,或者说是对辩论模式的认知,在我看来正在削弱我们的辩论。First it elevates tactics over substance. You can take aclass in logic, argumentation. You learn all ab

22、out the subterfuges that peopleuse to try and win arguments, the false steps. It magnifies the us-versus-themaspect of it. It makes it adversarial. Its polarizing. And the onlyforeseeable outcomes are triumph, glorious triumph, or abject, ignominiousdefeat. I think those are deforming effects, and w

23、orst of all, it seems toprevent things like negotiationor deliberation or compromise or collaboration.Think about that one. Have you ever entered an argument thinking, “Letssee if we can hash something out rather than fight it out. What can we work outtogether?” And I think the argument-as-war metap

24、hor inhibits those otherkinds of resolutions to argumentation. And finally, this is really the worstthing, arguments dont seem to get us anywhere. Theyre dead ends. They areroundabouts or traffic jams or gridlock in conversation. We dont get anywhere.首先它使辩论的技巧凌驾与观点本身。你可以去上关于逻辑与辩论的课程。你可以学到所有人们在辩论中可以使

25、用的诡计以力求去赢得一场辩论,多么愚蠢的方式啊。这放大了辩论中我们与他们的对立关系。这使辩论变得敌对。如同以偏振镜来看问题。而唯一可预见的结果就是胜利,一场欢欣鼓舞的胜利,抑或是卑怯,可耻的失败。我认为那是一种变形效果,最遭的是,这种变形使这种辩论本身看上去不是那么像谈判,审议或妥协抑或者是一种协作。在参加辩论的时候,你有没有想过让我们看看能不能共同敲定一些事情,而非由一方说服另一方有什么是我们可以共同协作的?我觉得辩论如战争的这个比喻已经盖过了其他的辩论形式。最终,最糟糕的是,通过争论我们不会学到什么东西。这样的辩论就如同一个死胡同。交流中的环状公路交通阻塞或者一个僵局。我们停在原地,到不了

26、任何其他地方。Oh, and one more thing, and as an educator, this is theone that really bothers me: If argument is war, then theres an implicitequation of learning with losing. And let me explain what I mean. Suppose youand I have an argument. You believe a proposition, P, and I dont. And I say,”Well why do y

27、ou believe P?” And you give me your reasons. And Iobject and say, “Well, what about .?” And you answer my objection.And I have a question: “Well, what do you mean? How does it apply overhere?” And you answer my question.Now, suppose at the end of the day, Iveobjected, Ive questioned, Ive raised all

28、sorts of counter-considerations, andin every case youve responded to my satisfaction. And so at the end of theday, I say, “You know what? I guess youre right. P.” So I have a newbelief. And its not just any belief, but its a well-articulated, examined,its a battle-tested belief.噢,其实还有一件事情,作为一个教育工作者,

29、这里还有一个问题困扰了我很久：如果辩论是场战争,那么这也隐含着学习等于失去的意思。让我解释一下我的观点。比如说,你和我进行了一场辩论。你主张观点,P,但是我不同意。然后我说“好了,为什么你相信P”然后你给出了你的理由。 然后我反对并说,“好,那关于.?” 然后你回答我的反对。然后我提问：“额,你的意思是?那么在这个地方他如何解释?” 然后你又回答了我的问题。现在,假设一天快结束了,我反对,我提问,我给出了所有反对问题,然后在所有的问题上你都让我满意了。然后在一天快要结束的时候,我说,”你知道吗?我觉得在P这个观点上你没准是对的.“ 所以我有了新的见解.但是这不仅仅是一个见解,而是一个阐述清楚的

30、,经过验证的,同时也是经得起挑战的见解。Great cognitive gain. Okay. Who won that argument? Well,the war metaphor seems to force us into saying you won, even though Im theonly one who made any cognitive gain.What did you gain cognitively fromconvincing me? Sure, you got some pleasure out of it, maybe your ego stroked,ma

31、ybe you get some professional status in the field. This guys a good arguer.But cognitively, now - just from a cognitive point of view - who was thewinner? The war metaphor forces us into thinking that youre the winner and Ilost, even though I gained. And theres something wrong with that picture. And

32、thats the picture I really want to change if we can.多好的结果啊。好了.那谁赢了这场辩论呢?好了,将辩论作为战争的人们会强迫我们承认提出见解那方赢了,即使我才是那个获得新见解的人。那么作为说服我的人,他在获得了什么新的见解吗?没错,你从中获得了一些愉悦,或许一些自我安慰或许在你的领域里获得了一些专业声誉。这家伙是个辩论好手。但是从认知角度而言,仅仅从认识的角度来看,谁是胜利者?视辩论如战争的人们会强迫我们认为你是胜者而我是败者,即使是我也有所得。这个认识本身存在一些错误。同时我也想去改变这个认识。Sohow can we find ways to make arguments yield something positive? What we needis new exit strategies for arguments. But were not going to have new exitstrategies for arguments until we have new entry approaches toarguments. We need to t