初中语法very good.docx

1、初中语法very good初中语法复习精讲 词类。词类英语名称意 义例 词名词The Noun (缩写为n)表示人或事物的名称Basket, mouth, hospital, year, train冠词The Article (art)用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物a, an, the 代词The Pronoun (pron)用来代替名词、形容词或数词They, his, him, mine, which, all 形容词The Adjective (adj)用以修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征Long, empty, heavy, different, cheap, hungry 数词Th

2、e Numeral (num)表示数量或顺序Three, thirteen, twenty, second 动词The Verb (v)表示动作或状态Hear, write, swim, eat, borrow, sing 副词The Adverb (adv)修饰动词、形容词或其他副词Quickly, early, out, soon, then, sometimes 介词The Preposition (prep)表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系From, with, at, into, behind, between, for 连词The Conjunction (conj)用来连接词与

3、词、短语与短语或句与句And, or, but, so, because 感叹词The Interjection (interj)表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感Oh, hey, ouch, well, there, dear （一） 名词：1 名词专有名词：表示人名、月份、日期、地名等。如 China, John, London, the USA, Harbin .个体名词：表示单个的人或事物。如 boat, chair, desk, apple . 集体名词：表示一群人或一些事物的总称。如 family, people, class, police . 物质名词：表示无法分为个体的物质。如 w

4、ater, air, tea, sea, money, cotton . 抽象名词：表示抽象概念的词。如 health, help, work, friendship . 2名词的数。可数名词有单复数，不可数名词没有单复数。3名词的格：名词有三个格：主格（作主语）、宾格（作宾语）、和所有格。其中只有名词的所有格有形式变化。（二）冠词 1定冠词the . 1 特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。The students are very good. 2 说话人与听话人都知道的人或事物。Where is the toilet ? 3 重复提到上文的人或事物。I have a cat , the cat

5、is white and black . 4 表示世界上独一无二的事物。The moon moves around the earth . 5 形容词最高级和序数词前和表示方位的名词前。I am the oldest . He is the first to school . I live in the south . 6 乐器的名称前常用定冠词the 。I like playing the piano / violin . 7 和某些形容词连用，使形容词名词化，代表某一类人。We should help the poor . 8 放在某些专有名词前。We will go to visit t

6、he Great Wall next week . the peoples Republic of China . 9 放在姓氏的复数形式前，表示全家人或夫妇两人。The Whites are watching TV . 10 固定词组中。In the morning / afternoon / evening . 2不定冠词a / an . 1 指人或事物的某一种类。A horse is a useful animal. A table has four legs. 2 指某一类人或事物中的任何一个。Pass me a pencil, please. We write with a pen.

7、 3 指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。The book was written by a peasant. Last month we were working in a factory. 4 不定冠词还可以指“事物的单位”，如“每日”、“每斤”等。 Here is a letter for you . The meat is 18 yuan a kilo. 3零冠词。 1 泛指人类或男女。Man will conquer nature . 2 抽象名词在用来表示它的一般概念时，通常不加冠词。Knowledge begins with practice . 3 有些个体名词有时可以转化成

8、具有抽象意义，其前面也常不加冠词。We had better send him to hospital at once. 4 在专有名词前一般不用冠词。China is a great country. Mr Smith is an artist. 5 在三餐饭何球类运动名称之前不用冠词。He often goes out for a walk after supper. Sometimes I play basketball. 6 在节假日、星期几、月份、季节等名词前。October 10th is Teachers Day. 7 称呼语或表示头衔、职务的名词前不用冠词。Granny is

9、sleeping now. We call him monitor. 8 在语言名词前，名词前有指示代词、物主代词或数词时，不用冠词。This is his book. I can speak English . 9 不用冠词的惯用语。At night / on food / go to town / at home / in class / at work 等。（三）形容词 1形容词的构成。 1 简单形容词由一个单词构成。Good, long, green, large, bright, interesting, surprised, learned, developing, sleepin

10、g . 2 复合形容词由一个以上的词构成。20-minute, second-hand, 500-word, 8-year-old, three-legged, round-trip, part-time, good-looking. 2形容词的用法。 1 修饰名词作定语。She is a beautiful girl . 2 作表语。He is very strong. 3 作宾语补足语。Let the door open. You must keep your classroom clean . 4 “定冠词形容词”表示一类人或物，在句子中可作主语或宾语。We should speak t

11、o the old politely. 5 大多数形容词既可作表语又可作定语，但少数形容词只能作表语，不能作定语。如：asleep, ill, awake 等。 6 有些形容词只能作定语而不能作表语。如：many, little, wooden, golden 等。 3形容词的位置。 1 形容词通常放在它所修饰的名词的前面。A heavy box. 2 与表示度量的词连用，形容词要放在它所修饰词语的后面。3 metre long. 12 kilometer away . 3 与不定代词something, anything, everything, nothing 等连用时，可以放在这些词之后

12、。 Something important . nothing serious . 4 当名词前有多个形容词修饰时，一般按下面的词序排列： 冠词（包括物主代词、序数词、基数词）描述形容词（brave, beautiful）表示形状（大小、长短、高矮）的形容词表示年龄或新旧的形容词表示颜色的形容词表示国籍、出处或来源的形容词表示材料、物质的形容词表示用途或类别的形容词被修饰的词。My nice small brown leather bag . those large round black wooden tables . 4形容词的比较级和最高级。（一般加 er / est ，不规则见表）1

13、原级的用法：“和相同”A 肯定句：A 动词 as 形容词原级 as B . He is as tall as me .B 否定句：A not as 形容词原级 as B （即A 不如 B 那么） A not so 形容词原级 as B = A+ less + 形容词原级than + B .2 比较级的用法：A A 动词 形容词的比较级 than B . （A 比B 更 ，在这种句型中，比较级前面可用 much, even, still, a little, a bit, a lot, any, far 等修饰，表示“得多”，“甚至”，“更”，“一点儿”。B “比较级 and 比较级”、 “mo

14、re and more 部分双音节或多音节的原级” 译为“越来越”。3 最高级的用法：（个体用of ，范围用in，最高级前面要用定冠词the）A 三种最高级表示法。最高级：Shanghai is the largest city in China .比较级：Shanghai is larger than any other city in China . / Shanghai is larger than the other cities in China .原级： No other city is as large as Shanghai in China . / No other city

15、 is larger than Shanghai in China . （四） 副词1副词的种类： 1 时间副词：often, always, usually, early, ago, already, before, ever, late, now, soon, since, tomorrow, just now 2 地点副词：here, there, above, below, outside, anywhere, back, down, home, out, everywhere 3 方式副词：hard, well, badly, fast, slowly, angrily, simpl

16、y, carefully 4 程度副词：very, quite, much, still, almost, little, too, enough 5 疑问副词：how, when, where, why 6 关系副词：when, where, why （引导定语从句） 7 连接副词：how, when, where, why, whether 8 频率副词：often, seldom, usually, never, sometimes, every day, always, hardly 9 其他副词：really, certainly, surely, maybe 2副词的用法： 1 作

17、状语 ： He can finish the work easily . 2 作定语（要后置） ： The students here are from Harbin . 3 作表语 ： I must be off now . 4 作宾补，构成复合宾语 ： Show him up . I saw him out with my sister last night .3副词的比较级和最高级。（一般加 er / est ,不规则见表） 1 副词的原级：A as + 副词的原级 + as “与一样”B not as(so) + 副词的原级 + as “与不一样”C too + 副词的原级 + to

18、do sth . “太而不能”Dso + 副词的原级 + that 从句 “如此以致于”E 副词的原级 + enough to do sth . “足够能做” 2 副词的比较级： AA + 动词 + 副词比较级 + than + B B副词比较级前也可以用 much, even, still, far, any, a little, a bit, a lot 等修饰。 C比较级 and + 比较级，表示“越来越”，the more the more 表示“越就越” D副词的最高级前通常不加定冠词 the .（五）数词 1基数词：112131920901001 one13 thirteen20

19、twenty100 a hundred2 two14 fourteen21 twenty-one300 three hundred3 three15 fifteen22 twenty-two1,000 a thousand4 four16 sixteen30 thirty5,000 five thousand5 five17 seventeen40 forty1,000,000 a million6 six18 eighteen50 fifty1,000,000,000 a billion7 seven19 nineteen60 sixty8 eight70 seventy9 nine80 e

20、ighty10 ten90 ninety11 eleven12 twelve 2序数词：1-1011-1920-90100-1 first 1st11 eleventh 11th20 twentieth 20th100 one hundredth 100th2 second 2nd12 twelfth 12th21 twenty-first 21st103 one hundred and third 103rd3 third 3rd13 thirteenth 13th30 thirtieth 30th134 one hundred and thirty-fourth 134th4 fourth

21、 4th14 fourteenth 14th37 thirty-seventh 37th200 two hundredth 200th5 fifth 5th15 fifteenth 15th40 fortieth 40th1000 one thousandth 1,000th6 sixth 6th16 sixteenth 16th50 fiftieth 50th1,000,000 one millionth 1,000,000th7 seventh 7th17 seventeenth 17th60 sixtieth 60th1,000,000,000 one billionth 1,000,0

22、00,000th8 eighth 8th18 eighteenth 18th70 seventieth 70th9 ninth 9th19 nineteenth 19th80 eightieth 80th10 tenth 10th90 ninetieth 90th1作主语：The first is better than the second . 2 作宾语：He was among the first to arrive . 3 作表语：He is the first to come to school . 4 作定语：The ninth letter of the word “restau

23、rant” is “n” ./ There are three thousand workers in the factory .（六）代词类 别作 用例 词例 句人称代词代替人或事物，主格作主语，宾客作宾语 数格 人称单 数复 数I am a teacher .They are students .We all like him .He gave the book to me .一二三一二三主 格IyouheShe it weyouthey宾 格meyouhimHer it usyouthem物主代词形容词性只作定语，名词性可以作主、宾、表语等，表示所属关系 词义类型我的你的他的她的它的我们

24、的你们的他们的My book is there.Her father is a worker.This bike is yours, ours is broken .形容词性myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词词性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs反身代词起强调作用，只作同位语和宾语数 人称第一人称第二人称第三人称We ourselves did the work.He did the work by himself.单 数myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitself复 数ourselvesyourselvesth

25、emselves相互代词表示相互关系，作宾语宾 格所 有 格We should help each other.Please correct each others mistakes .each other（两者相互）each others（相互的）one another（三者或三者以上）one anothers（相互的）指示代词起指示作用，作定语、主语、宾语、表语等This, that, these, those, it, such, same Take this book to his room.My point is this .不定代词代替或修饰任何不定数量及不定范围的人或事物some

26、, any, no, none, many, few, little, all, both, every, one, either, neither, other, a few, a little, another, somebody, nobody, nothing, eachI have something to tell you.Neither answer is right.疑问代词表示疑问，构成特殊问句who, what, whose, which, whomWhom did you see ?关系代词引导定语从句which, that, who, whom, whoseThe book that I lost was new.连接代词引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）what, who, that I know what you are doing .Thats what I hope . （七）动词类 别意 义例 子例 句行为动词含有实在的意义，表示动作或状态，在句中能独立作谓语。及物动词后面一定接宾语Open, vis