《欧洲文化入门》练习及参考答案.docx

1、欧洲文化入门练习及参考答案欧洲文化入门练习及参考答案欧洲文化入门各章练习及答案第一章 填空题： 1. The richness of European Culture was created by _element and _element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian 2. The Homers epics consisted of_. Iliad and Odyssey 3. _ is the first writer of “problem plays”. Euripides 4. _ is called “Father of History”. Herodo

2、tus 5. _is the greatest historian that ever lived. Thucydides 6. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to _. 27 B.C. 7. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” is a famous saying by _. Julius Caesar 8. The representation form of Greek Democracy is _. citizen-assembly. 判断题 1. Euclid says “Give me a pl

3、ace to stand, and I will move the world”. () Archimedes 2. Herodotuss historical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. () Greeks and Persians 名词解释： 1. Pax Romana 答：In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known

4、 as Pax Romana 2. “Democracy” in ancient Greece 答： 1）Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens. 2） Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy. 论述题： 1. How did the Greek Culture o

5、riginate and develop? 1) Probably around 1200 B.C., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics. 2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C. A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century. B.

6、 The establishment of democracy. C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens. 3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta. 4) In the second half of the 4th century B.C., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever

7、 he went 4. What is the Rome historical background? 答：1) The history of Rome divided into two periods: Before the year 27 B.C., Rome had been a republic; from the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began. 2) Two centuries later, the Roman

8、 Empire reached its climax, marked by land areas extension: Encircling the Mediterranean. 3) Strong military power: the famous Roman legions. 4) In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana. 5) Another impo

9、rtant contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law. 6) The empire began to decline in the 3rd century. A. In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium.Renamed it Constantinople (modern Istanbul). B. After 395, the empire was divided into Ea

10、st (The Byzantine Empire) and West C. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire. D. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453. 第二章 填空题： 1. _is by far the most influential in the West. Christianity 2.

11、The Hebrews history was recorded in _of the Bible. the Old Testament 3. The New Testament is about _. the doctrine of Jesus Christ 4. The story about Gods flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible, which was known a

12、s _. Noahs Ark. 5. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in _. Matthew 6. The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to death was known as _. The Last Supper. 7. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of ref

13、ormers led by _. John Wycliff. 名词解释: 1. The Old Testament The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man. 2. Pentateuch The Old Testament c

14、onsists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy. 3. Genesis Genesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious account of the origin of th

15、e Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph. 4. Exodus Exodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began to recei

16、ve Gods Law. Joshua brought the people safely back toCanaan. 5. The Book of Daniel The Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. It tells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon. 论述简答题： 1. What are the beliefs of Christianity? 答： Christianity based itself on two forceful be

17、liefs which separate it from all other religions. 1）One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind. 2）The other is that God gave his only begotten son , so that whosoever believes in him should not

18、 perish, but have everlasting life. 2. What are the different translation editions of the Bible? 答：1)The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Testament. 2) The most ancient ex

19、tant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition, which was done in 385-405 A.D. By St. Jerome in common peoples language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world. 3) The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in

20、1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff. 4) After John Wycliffs version, appeared William Tyndales version. It was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources. 5) The Great Bible ordered by Henry in 1539 to be placed in all the English churches was in p

21、art founded on Tyndales work. 6) The most important and influential of English Bible is the “Authorized” or “King James” version, first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple, majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is known as the greatest b

22、ook in the English languages. 7) The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition of the Revised Version in 1901. 8) The Good News Bible and the New English Bible. 3. What is the great significance of the translations of the bible? 答：1) It is generally accepted that the Englis

23、h Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English. 2) Miltions Paradise Lost, Bunyans Pilgrims Progress, Byrons Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingways The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbecks East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible. 第三章 填空题： 1. In _ a German

24、ic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 476 2. After 1054, the church was divided into _ and _. the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. 3. _ is the one who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek origina

25、ls. St. Jerome 4. _introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse. 5. Both _are the best representative of the middle English. Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales 6. _ paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture. the Middel Ages 名词解释 1. the M

26、iddle ages In European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century. 2. Feudal

27、ism Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land. 3. The Manor The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the fiefs o

28、f the lords. By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles. 4. Carolingian Renaissance Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagnes name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the s

29、pectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture. 5. Gothic 1) The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe. 2) It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century

30、 and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history. 3) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque. 论述简答题： 1. Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith？ 答：1) During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order.

31、 The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church. 2) The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence. 3) In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learningfor hundreds of years. 4) It shaped peoples lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”. 2. What is the great significance of the Crusades? 答：1) The crusades brought the East into closer contact with