初中英语语法表格 16页.docx

1、初中英语语法表格 16页初中语法网络图一名词 名词的数： 1. 规则名词的复数形式：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves加-schief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs4以辅音字母加y结尾

2、的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos,两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, vol

3、cano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2. 不规则名词复数：现归纳如下：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, 2单复数相同sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin, 3只有复数形式trousers, cloth

4、es, thanks, goods, glasses, 4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), looks(外表), greens(青菜)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australian

5、s, Germans, Greeks, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese-man/-woman-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servantsIII. 名词的所有格： 1. s所有格的构成

6、：多表示有生命的东西，单数名词在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, 不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时,词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关

7、系时在最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表某人家店铺，所有格后名词省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles2. 加s 所有格的用法：多表示无生命的东西表示时间todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2表示自然现象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas indu

8、stry4表示工作群体the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5表示度量衡及价值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifes time, the plays plot7某些固定词组a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措)3. of所有格的用法：1. 无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 2.有生命的东西，尤其是

9、有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students 3. 名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 二代词：I.代词可以分为以下七大类：1人称代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代词形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代词myself, yourself, hims

10、elf, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some5疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代词one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another,

11、all/ both, neither/ either三 形容词和副词的比较级构成在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。1. 同级比较时常常用 asas以及not so(as)as如：I am not so good a player as you are.2. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。3. 表一方随另一方变化用“the morethe more”。如The harder you wor

12、k, the more progress you will make.4. 用否定+比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型： Our school is three times larger than yours. /Our school is four times as large as yours. /Our school is four times the size of yours. 6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favorite, excellent, e

13、xtreme, perfect。四常用介词区别：1表时间的in, on, atat表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总是与日子有关2表时间的since, fromsince 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from指从时间的某一点开始3表时间的in, afterin指在一段时间之后，after表某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中4表地理位置的in, on, toin表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外5表“在上”的on, inon只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分6“穿过”的through, acrossthrough从内部通过，与in有关，

14、across在表面上通过，与on有关7表“关于”的about, onabout指涉及到，on指专门论述8between与among的区别between表示在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间9besides与except的区别besides指“除了还有再加上”，except指“除了，减去什么”，不放在句首10表示“用”的in, withwith表具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音11as与like的区别as意为“作为，以地位或身份”，like为“象一样”，指情形相似12in与into区别in通常表示位置（静态），into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置五动词 I

15、.动词的时态： 1. 动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下：现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般ask / asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask进行am/is/are askingwas/were askingshall/will be askingshould/would be asking完成have/has askedhad askedshall/will have askedshould/would have asked完成进行have/has been askinghad been askingshall/will

16、 have been askingshould/would have been asking4. 一般将来时的表达方式：将来时用法例句1will/shall+V原形表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态My sister will be ten next year.2be going to+V原形含有“打算，计划，即将”做某事，或表示很有可能要发生某事Its going to clear up.Were going to have a party tonight.3be + doing表将来go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表按计划即将发生的动作He

17、 is moving to the south.Are they leaving for Europe? 4be about to + V原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语I was about to leave when the bell rang.The meeting is about to close.5be to + V原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见Were to meet at the school gate at noon.6一般现在时表示将来时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来The meeting starts at fiv

18、e oclock.The plane leaves at ten this evening.II. 动词的被动语态：常用被动语态构成(be+V-ed）常用被动语态构成1一般现在时am/is/are asked6过去进行时was/were being asked2一般过去时was/were asked7现在完成时have/has been asked3一般将来时shall/will be asked8过去完成时had been asked4过去将来时should/would be asked9将来完成时will/would have been asked5现在进行时am/is/are being

19、 asked10含有情态动词的can/must/may be asked注意事项被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be going to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 如：Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates.汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：It is believed that It is general

20、ly considered that It is said thatIt is well known that It must be pointed out that It is supposed thatIt is reported that It must be admitted that It is hoped that主动形式常表示被动意义：如：The window wants/needs/requires repairing. /The book is worth reading twice. /The door wont shut. / The play wont act. / T

21、he clothes washes well. / The book sells well. The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.无被动态： leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of,

22、have on, lose heart等七情态动词I.情态动词基本用法：情V用法否定式疑问式与简答can能力（体力，智力，技能）允许或许可（口语中常用）可能（表猜测，用于否定或疑问句）can not / cannot /cant doCando?Yes,can. / No,cant.couldcouldnt domay可以（问句中表示请求）可能，或许（表推测）祝愿（用于倒装句中）may not do Maydo? Yes,may.No,mustnt/cant.mightmight not doMightdo? Yes,might / No,might not.must必须，应该（表主观要求）肯

23、定，想必（肯定句中表推测）must not/mustnt doMustdo? Yes,must.No,neednt/dont have to.have to只好，不得不（客观的必须，有时态人称变化）dont have to doDohave to do?Yes,do./ No,dont.ought to应当（表义务责任，口语中多用should）ought not to/oughtnt to doOughtto do?Yes,ought. / No,oughtnt.shall将要，会一三人称征求对方意见二三人称表示命令、警告、威胁等shall not/shant doShalldo?Yes,sh

24、all./ No,shant.should应该（表义务责任）本该（含有责备意味）should not/shouldnt doShoulddo?will意愿，决心请求，建议，用在问句中比较委婉will not/wont doWilldo?Yes,will./ No,wont.wouldwould not/wouldnt dodare敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中）dare not/darent doDaredo?Yes,dare. / No,darent.need需要必须（常用于否定句和疑问句中）need not/neednt doNeeddo?Yes,must. No,neednt.used to

25、过去常常（现在已不再）used not/usednt/usent to dodidnt use to doUsedto do?Yes,used./No,use(d)nt.Diduse to do?Yes,did./No,didnt.八非谓语动词 II. 做宾语的非谓语动词比较：情况常用动词只接不定式做宾语的V（+to do）hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen+ to do sth只接动名词做宾语的V

26、或短语(+doing)mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, consider+ doing sthcant help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, s

27、et about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to+ doing sth两者都可以意义基本相同begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为）need, want, require（接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式）意义相反stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事 / stop doing 停止正在做的事意义不同remember/forget/regret to do（指动作尚未发生）remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经发生）go on to do（接着做另外一件事）go on doing（接着做同一件事）try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力）try doing（试试去做，看有何结果）mean to do（打算做，企图做）mean doing （意识是，意味着）c