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中考英语复习课件简单句.docx

1、中考英语复习课件简单句复习要点1.英语句子的种类与类型2.陈述句(五种简单句型)3.陈述句否定式的构成4.疑问句1)一般疑问句 2)特殊疑问句 (常用的特殊疑问词和句型)3)选择疑问句4)反义疑问句 5. There-be存在句6.主谓一致 知识概要英语句子的种类与类型I、句子种类(按交际用途分) 陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句、 There-be存在句II、句子类型(按句子结构分) 简单句、并列句、复合句难点链接1、陈述句 说明一个事实或陈述一个看法,有肯定式和否定式,语序是主语在前,谓语在后。陈述句可以分为以下五种句型: 主语+不及物动词。如:I arrived at six last n

2、ight. 主语+及物动词+宾语,如:I bought a good EnglishChinese Dictionary yesterday. 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语,如:Please tell me a story before I go to bed. 这样可加双宾语的句子有buy, tell, give, ask, pass, teach. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语,如:I found it impossible to do it. Please keep the classroom clean and tidy. 主语+系动词+表语,如:Tom is an Amer

3、ican boy. The grass turned green in spring. 难点链接陈述句否定式的构成(4) 除not以外,否定词no, never, nothing, nobody, few等也可构成否定句。例如: There is something wrong with his bike. There is nothing wrong with his bike.I have seen the film. I have never seen the film.注:否定句的类型1)半否定句(用hardly, little, few等来否定)I hardly know anyth

4、ing about it.2)部分否定句(用all, both, every, each+谓语+not否定,表示“有的是,有的不是”)I dont like both the films. 3)全否定句(用not, no, never, neither, nor, nothing等来否定 ) I like neither Cathy nor Mary.4)否定转移(用在含有think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine为主句的句子) I dont think it will be very cold today幻灯片6难点链接陈述句否定式的构成(1) 如果肯定

5、陈述句的谓语部分含有助动词、情态动词或连系动词be,则只需在这些动词后加not即可构成否定式。He is playing the guitar.(肯定)He is not playing the guitar.(否定)We can get there before dark.(肯定)We cant get thee before dark.(否定)(2) 如果陈述句的谓语动词是实义动词,而其中又没有情态动词或助动词时,则需根据人称和时态在该实义动词前加dont, doesnt或didnt。同时把该实义动词变为原形。He plays the violin well.(肯定)He doesnt p

6、lay the violin well.(否定)She won the game.(肯定)She didnt win the game.(否定)(3) 如果句子是there be结构或谓语动词是have(有),且句中如果有some要变为any。例如:There is some water in the cup. There is not any water in the cup. He has some books. He doesnt have any books.幻灯片7难点链接2、疑问句 有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反义疑问句。1)一般疑问句 用来询问一件事,答案通常是yes或

7、 no,要注意语序。(1)一般疑问句的基本形式一般疑问句一般是指以助动词、情态动词、be动词或have(有)开始,通常要求以yes,或no来回答的疑问句,一般疑问句读时通常用升调。Do you know Mr. Smith? Can you swim? (2)一般疑问句的否定结构 在一般疑问句的否定结构中,把副词not放在一般疑问句的主语之后。但如果用not的简略形式-nt,则须将-nt与一般疑问句句首的be, have,助动词或情态动词写在一起。在实际运用中,一般都采用简略式。Are you not a football fan? Arent you a football fan? Will

8、 she not like it? Wont she like it? 与汉语不同的是,英语一般疑问句否定结构的答语是否定还是肯定,全由答语的否定或肯定来决定。若答语是肯定的,则用yes加肯定结构;若答语是否定的,则用no加否定结构。 Arent you a football fan? Yes, I am. No, I am not.Wont she like it? Yes, she will. No, she wont. 幻灯片8难点链接2)特殊疑问句 特殊疑问句由“疑问代词或疑问副词+一般疑问句”构成,句子一般用倒装语序,但如果对主语提问时用陈述句的语序。特殊疑问句不能用yes或no回答

9、,读时用降调。例如:Who is on duty today? How long have you been in Beijing?What time do you get up every morning?What must I do now?幻灯片9难点链接常用的特殊疑问词和句型询问内容疑问词或句型询问内容疑问词或句型职业,身份 What do/dosedo 几号,日期 what is the date? 姓名或关系 Who/whats name 年龄(多大) how old 相貌特征 whatlike? 持续多长时间(多久) how long 目的 whatfor? 长度(多长) how

10、 long 原因 why 距离(多远) how far 天气 how is the weatherwhats the weather like? 频度(多经常) how often 颜色 what color? 时间经过(多快) how soon 服装尺寸 what size 数量(多少) how many(可数名词)how much(不可数名词) 几点钟 what time 价格 how much/whats the price 星期几 what day 高度(多高) how tall(人,树)how high(山,建筑物) 幻灯片10难点链接3)选择疑问句 选择疑问句是说话者提出两种或两种

11、以上的不同情况,让对方选择回答的疑问句。其结构是“疑问句+选择部分”。选择部分由or连接,or前面的部分读升调,or后面的部分读降调。选择疑问句不能用yes或no回答,而必须具体的选择答复。 Is your bag yellow or black? Its black.。 Would you like some tea or coffee? Either will do.。 Which do you like better, singing or dancing? I like dancing better.选择疑问句的构成:(1)以一般疑问句为基础 Is he a teacher or a

12、doctor or a policeman? Shall I help you or can you manage?(2)以特殊疑问句为基础 Which do you prefer, red wine or white? How shall we go there? By bus or by train? 幻灯片11难点链接4)反义疑问句 反意疑问句是指在陈述句之后附加一个意思与之相反的简短问句,问对方是否赞同的疑问句。附加问句的否定式必须缩写。(1)肯定的陈述句后跟否定的附加问句,否定的陈述句后跟肯定的附加问句。如:I am your teacher, arent I? He didnt s

13、tudy hard, did he?(2)如果陈述句中含有否定副词never, hardly或其他表示否定代词或形容词,如nothing, none no one, nobody, neither, few, little等,则附加问句只能用肯定式。如:They hardly write to each other, do they? He has found nothing, has he? Few people knew the secret, did they? (3)当反意疑问句是“否定陈述句+肯定附加问句”时,英语与汉语的回答习惯存在差异。英语回答时只看实际情况,若答语的具体内容是肯

14、定的就用“Yes+肯定结构”,答语的具体内容是否定的就用“No+否定结构”,而译成汉语时,则必须把yes译“不是”,把no译成“是的”。-You wont be away for long, will you? 你不会离开太久,是吗?-Yes, I will.不,我会的。 -No, I wont.是的,我不会的。-I dont think shell come by bike, will she? 我认为她不会骑自行车,会吗?-Yes, she will.不,她会的。 -No, she wont.是的,她不会的。(4) 祈使句的反意疑问句,除由Lets 开头的要问成 shall we? 以外,

15、其余的都问成will you.幻灯片12难点链接3、祈使句 祈使句是用来表示命令、请求、建议、号召等的句子,谓语动词用原形,句末用感叹号“!”或句号“.”。朗读时一般用降调。1. 肯定的祈使句:(1)祈使句主语是you时,you常省略,但如果要特别强调对方或表达某种强烈的情绪时可以有主语或称呼语。Be quiet. You be quiet!(2)“Do+祈使句”表示一种强烈的感情或请求,do起强调作用。Do come back at once! Do be careful.(3)please用在祈使句中可以表示一种客气的语气,但please用在句末时,必须用逗号与其余部分分开。Open th

16、e window, please.(4)Let引导祈使句时,后面需跟上人称代词或称呼语,人称代词一般只用第一、第三人称。Let Jack wait a minute. Lets go to school.(5)在祈使句中,Lets和 Let us是有区别的。Lets包括说话者,而Let us不包括听话者在内。这点从反意疑问句时可明显看出。Lets go skating, shall we?(表示内部的建议)Let us try again, will you?(表示向别人发出请求) 2. 否定的祈使句通常以Dont或Never开头。其结构通常是:“Dont(Never)+动词原形+其他成分”

17、例如: Dont do that again! Never leave todays work for tomorrow! Dont be late next time! 幻灯片134、感叹句 难点链接 感叹句是表示喜、怒、哀、乐以及惊异等感情的句子。句末用感叹号“!”,读时用降调。感叹句是由“感叹部分+主谓部分”构成,感叹句往往由what或how引导,what修饰名词,how修饰形容词,副词或动词。 what引导的感叹句: (1)what + a/an +形容词+单数可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语) What a beautiful city it is! What an interestin

18、g story she told! (2)what+形容词+复数可数名词/不可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语) What expensive watches they are! What terrible weather it is! 2How引导的感叹句: (1)How+形容词/副词+陈述句(主语+谓语) How cold it is! How hard he works! (2)How+陈述句(主语+谓语) How he loves his son!How I miss you! (3)How+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语) How tall a tree it is!

19、(4)上述两种感叹句可以互相转换。例如: What a clever boy he is!How clever the boy is!What a cold day it is!How cold it is!幻灯片14难点链接5、 There-be存在句1. 基本结构 There be +主语 + 地点 /时间状语。如:There is a computer in the room. 房间里有一台电脑。There are two TV plays every evening. 每晚有两场电视剧。2. 主谓一致要采取就近一致原则,和* 近be的主语一致。如:There is a pen, two

20、 rulers in the box. 盒子里有一只钢笔,两把尺子。There are two boys and a teacher at the school gate. 门口有两个男孩,一个老师。3. 主语后的动词形式在there be 句型中,主语与动词是主动关系时用现在分词;是被动关系时用过去分词。如:There is a purse lying on the ground. 地上有一个钱包。There are five minutes left now. 现在还有5分钟。幻灯片155、 There-be存在句难点链接4. 反意疑问句反意疑问句应与there be对应,而不是依据主语。

21、如:There is a radio on the table, isnt there? 桌子上有一台收音机,是吧?There are more than fifty classes in your school, arent there? 你们班有50多名学生,是吧?5. there be 与have的替换there be表示所属时可与have替换。There is nothing but a book in my bag. =I have nothing but a book in my bag. 包里只有一本书。6. there be后接不定式时常用主动形式表示被动意义。如:There

22、is a lot of work to do. 有许多工作要做。注意:当该句型主语是something, anything, nothing等不定代词时,后面的不定式用主动形式或被动形式,意义各不同。There is nothing to do. 没有事可做。There is nothing to be done. 没有办法(束手无策)。幻灯片165、 There-be存在句难点链接7. 与其它词连用,构成复合谓语。如:There may be a rain this afternoon. 今天下午可能有雨。There used to be a cinema here before the w

23、ar. 战争之前,这儿有一家电影院。8. 变体there be结构中的be有时可用live, stand, remain等代替。如:Once there lived a king who cared more about new clothes than anything else. 从前有位国王喜欢新服胜过别的任何东西。9. 习惯用语There is no good /use (in) doing sth. 做某事没有好处/用处;There is not a moment to lose. 一刻也不能耽误。例如:There is no good making friends with him

24、. 和他交朋友没有什么好处。He is very ill. Send him to hospital. Theres not a moment to lose. 他病得厉害,把他送到医院去,一刻也不能耽误。幻灯片17难点链接6.主谓一致 在句子结构中要注意主谓一致的问题,即句子的主语与谓语动词要相呼应。要注意的有如下几点: 用and连接两个主语时一般应视为复数,但如一人身兼两职时则要用单数谓语动词形式,如:A singer and dancer is coming to our party. a singer and dancer 既歌唱又可舞的演员。而 a singer and a danc

25、er 则要译为:一位歌唱家和一位舞蹈家。有些以 s 结尾的名词谓语动词要用单数,如: The news is good (news 为不可数名词)。 有量词时应按量词的数量计算,如: This pair of glasses is good My glasses are broken. 有些形单却意为复数的名词,如: People are coming here 这样的词还有 Police,class等。 如果要讲一个警察时,应讲 a policeman。 两个警察为 two policemen。 又如 a policewoman, two policewomen 幻灯片18难点链接 所有不定

26、代词 each, either, neither, one, the other, nobody, nothing, anyone, anything, someone, something 要作为单数,如: Someone is waiting for you 表示并列关系的关联词有: bothand, not only but also, neither nor, either or. 当它们并列两个主语时,除both and 谓语动词要用复数以外,其余都要采用就近原则 如: Both my sister and brother are going to the cinema。 Not o

27、nly my sister but also brother is going to the cinema . Neither my sister nor brother is going to the cinema. Either my sister or brother is going to the cinema例题解析1、There a pencil box on the desk . A .is B. are C. has D. have答案 A.析 There be 句形中的 be 动词要看其后面离它最近的名词而定,如: There are two books and a penc

28、il on the desk 但却可以讲 There is a pencil and two books on the desk 2、Your brother came to see you, ?Adoes he Bdoesnt he C did he Ddidnt he 答案 D.析 前句是肯定句,后面反意疑问句要用否定句,同时 came 为过去时态,所以应用 didnt he3、 Its getting cloudy,?A. does it B. doesnt it C. is it D. isnt it答案 D.析 要区分s 是 has 还是 is, 这里由 getting 得出s 是i

29、s。4、 _ keep me waiting so longA. Not B. Wont C. Dont D. Not to答案 C.析 Dont 动词原形为祈始句的否定句。5、Mr Green hasnt been to Beijing, ?Ahas he Bhasnt he C did he Ddidnt he答案 A.析 此句 has 是助动词与过去分词构成现在完成时态。幻灯片20例题解析6、 You have your lunch at school, ?Ahave you Bhavent you Cdo you Ddont you 答案 D.析 这里的 have 是实意动词吃,而不是

30、助动词。7、 sunny day! Lets go out for a walkAHow a BHow CWhat a DWhat答案 C.析 这个感叹句是个省略句,其真实的句子应为 What a sunny day it is!8、 John likes listening to the radio, ?Adoes he Bdoesnt he Cdoesnt John Ddoes Johe答案 B.析 当名词作主语时,反意疑问句应用代词。9、Neither you nor I on the teamA. are B. were C. am D. is答案 C.析 由 neither nor 作连接词作主语时,其谓语动词要与相临近的那个主语相呼应。 10、 delicious food! Id like some moreAwha

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