1、中考句子成分及类型专题中考英语动词的分类,句子的分类,句子的成分专题一动词分类主要动词 行为动词 不及物动词 laugh / smlie / look / listen及物动词 see / hear / drank / eat连系动词be (am is are was were) / seem / keep是/好象(似乎)是/保持look / feel / taste / smell / sound 看/感觉/尝/闻/听起来(上去)become / turn / get / grow 变得辅助动词 助动词 be (am / is /are / was / were)do / does / di
2、dhave / has / hadwill / shall / be going to 情态动词 can / may / must / shall / needcould / should / would / mighthave (has) to / had better1.行为动词及物动词是后面可以直接跟宾语的动词: see / hear / drank / eat / I saw him last week.不及物动词是后面不可以直接跟宾语的动词: laugh / smile / look / listen / She smiled happily.如果要加宾语,就要靠一个介词来帮助:Sh
3、e look at the blackboard carefully.不及物动词 主谓结构(SV) =主语+谓语动词The woman walks slowly.及物动词 1. 主谓宾结构(SVO) =主语+谓语+宾语He plays computer games every day.有些词既是及物动词又是不及物动词,那就要看意思上的区别了:1.他们放风筝。They fly the kites.2.风筝在天上飞。The kites fly in the sky.2.主谓双宾结构(SVOiOd)=主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语She teaches us.She teaches us Engli
4、sh. She teaches English.可以用于这种句式的动词主要有 (A) buy / build / catch / cut choose / cook / find / get / keep / make / draw / doHe bought me a new bike. 也可以改为for sb. 的句式 He bought a new bike for me.(B) give / take / send / bring / teach / show / tell / pay / write / read / sell / lend / pass / return / thr
5、ow / offer / handShe lent me a book.也可以改为 to sb. 的句式 She lent a book to me.3.主谓宾宾补结构(SVOC)=主语+谓语+宾语+宾语的补足语Our teacher asks us to read English every day.可以用于这种句式的动词主要有:let / make/have sb. do sth.ask / tell / want / allow / wish / get / expect / encourage / invite / teach sb. to do sth.find / see / he
6、ar / watch / notice / feel sb. do sth. sb. doing sth.help sb. (to) do sth.hope和welcome 比较特殊我们可以说:I hope to visit your school. I hope that you can visit our school. I wish you to visit our school. Welcome to visit our school. You are welcome to visit our school. Welcome to our school.但不可以说:I hope / w
7、elcome you to visit our school. 2.连系动词 连系动词 主系表结构(SVP) =主语+连系动词+表语The flower looks beautiful.连系动词分类 1. “状态”类:常见的有:be (是),keep (保持),stay (保持),remain (依然),seem (似乎是),appear (似乎,显得),prove (证明是),这类词表示具有或保持某种特征或状态。 keep, remain, stay用法区别 keep “保持状态”,后接adj.或介词短语。其后常见:alive, awake, cheerful, silent, dry, w
8、ell, fit, fine, close, clean, happy等。 remain “仍然存在状态”,后接adj.、过去分词、名词或介词短语,强调某种状态前后无变化。 stay “保持状态”,后接形容词、分词。 2. “感官”类:主要指与五种感官有关的动词:look (看起来),sound (听起来),smell (闻起来),taste (尝起来),feel (摸起来感到)。 感官动词后加形容词如:look good、taste delicious注意look与look at 的区别3. “变化”类:常见的有三组 aturn (变成),grow (变得),get (变成),become
9、(变成),make (使变得,成为) bcome (变得),go (变得), cfall (进入某状态), run (变成,进入) become, come, go, get, grow, turn的用法与区别 1. become 和get主要指一个人暂时性的身心变化或永久性的自然变化。另外,become 和 get 还可用于指天气的变化和社会的趋势。如: become / get / angry, famous, ill, old, well, deaf, strong生气,成名,得病,变老,痊愈,变聋,变强 2. go 和come表示变化时,前者主要指一种由强到弱或由好到坏的变化,后者则主
10、要指向好的方面变化。come和go还可接有否定前缀的过去分词。 The radios gone wrong. 收音机出毛病了。 Her wish came true. 她的愿望实现了。 【注】 come 除表示向好的方面变化外,还有以下常见搭配值得注意: come untied 解开,come loose 变松,come undone 松开 3. go和turn还可用于人或事物颜色的变化。She went / turned blue with cold. 她冻得脸色发青了。 4. grow:“渐渐变得起来,长得”。 主要表示逐渐变化,强调变化的过程: The sea is growing ca
11、lm. 大海变得平静起来。 5. make也可表示某人或某物发生了某些变化,含义为: 合计为 成为,适合作,宜用作,具备的素质。make后接名词时,名词前通常加限定词。 6. turn指改变特性、本质、状态等。还指到达或超过某一年龄或时间。 The milk turned sour牛奶变酸了。 7. become与turn都可以接名词,become后的名词前有冠词,turn后的名词无冠词且常用单数。 He turned writer after he graduated from a medical college. She became a lawyer.二句子的分类(一)、按句子的结构可分
12、三种:简单句、并列句和复合句。1)简单句:只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。(1)、主语不及物动词(S+V)(2)、主语及物动词宾语(S+V+O)(3)、主语连系动词表语(S+V+P)( 4 )、主语及物动词间接宾语直接宾语(S+V+IO+DO)( 5 )、主语及物动词宾语宾语补足语(S+V+O+C)2) 并列句:由并列连词(and, but, or等)或分号(;)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。其连接词有:and和,both.and.和两个都,as well as也,not only. but also.不但而且,neither.nor.既不也不,then然后等。3)
13、复合句:含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含:名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)、定语从句和状语从句等。(一)宾语从句1.宾语从句的引导词引导词用法例句that本身无意义(口语中可省去)当宾语从句是陈述句时I really believe(that)Tom will help us.我确实相信汤姆会帮助我们。if/whether(or not)是否当宾语从句是一般疑问句时Im not sure if Ill have time.我不敢肯定我是否会有时间。what, who,where, how, when,why,which, whose,whom等当宾语从句是特殊疑问
14、句时Please tell me when you were born.请告诉我你是何时出生的。Id like to know what you want best.我想知道你最想要什么东西。注意:Whether和if引导宾语从句时,一般情况下可以互换,但在下列情况下须用whether,不能用if。具有选择意义,宾语从句中有or或or not时。例如:We really dont know whether the news is true or not.我们真的不知道这消息是否是真的。在介词后接宾语从句或不定式时。例如:We are talking about whether well go
15、back to our hometown.我们正在讨论是否回老家去。作discuss等词的宾语时。例如:We discussed whether we should close the shop.我们讨论了是否应该把商店关掉。2.宾语从句的语序 宾语从句无论是陈述句、一般疑问句或特殊疑问句意义,一律用陈述句语序,即“主语+谓语”结构。句尾标点符号取决于主句。例如:Are you a student?He asks.He asks if you are a student.你知道他在哪工作吗?3.宾语从句的时态宾语从句的时态原则上应与主句的时态一致。具体情况如下表:主句时态从句时态例句一般现在时
16、根据实际情况而定I hear that he went to Beihai yesterday.我听说他昨天去北海了。一般过去时过去的某种时态He said his father would take him to Shanghai.他说他爸爸将带他去上海。一般过去时或其他时态客观事实或真理只用一般现在时表示My father told me that the sun rises in the east. (二)状语从句1.时间状语从句时态:当主句是一般将来时态或祈使句或含有将来的意义时,由when, as soon as, till/until, before引导的时间状语从句用一般现在时。
17、例如:As soon as he returns home, Ill let you know.他一回到家,我就告诉你。引导词:由when, while, as, since, after, before, until/till, as soon as等连词引导。a)when,while与aswhenwhileas不同点主、从句的动作可以是同时发生,也可以是先后发生强调在某一时间内主、从句中谓语动词所表示的动作在同一时间里发生强调主、从句的动作同时发生从句中的谓语动词既可以是瞬间动词也可以是延续性动词从句中的谓语动词是延续性动词相同点意思均为“当时” 例如:Father was waiting
18、 for me when I got home yesterday.昨天我到家时,爸爸正在等我。While we were having a meeting, my sister came in to ask for me.正在我们开会时,我妹妹进来找我。She sang happily as she walked along the lake.她一边沿着湖边走,一边欢快地唱着歌。b) till与untiluntiltill共同点意思为“直到才”,均可用“until/till”句型主句的谓语动词是延续性动词时,主句和从句都用肯定形式;当主句的谓语动词是瞬间动词时,主句须用否定结构不同点可用在句
19、型“not until”中不可用在句型“not till”正式用语,可放在句首非正式用语,不可放在句首例如:I didnt go to bed until/till he came back at 11 oclock last night.直到他昨晚11点回来我才睡觉。Please wait here until I come back.请在这等,直到我回来。c)since引导的从句,表示“自以来”,从句中的谓语动词表示动作的起点,要用一般过去时,主句的谓语动词表示延续性动作,通常情况下使用现在完成时。在句型“It is/has been since+从句”中,从句用一般过去时,主句用一般现在
20、时或现在完成时。例如:It is ten years since she joined the army. 她参军已有十年了。2.条件状语从句条件状语从句由if(如果),as long as(只要),unless(除非)等引导。如果主句为祈使句、一般将来时或含有情态动词时,从句用一般现在时。例如:If it snows tomorrow, we will have a day or two off.如果明天下雪的话,我们将放假一两天。if的用法if可以引导宾语从句,也可以引导条件状语从句。其用法如下:宾语从句条件状语从句引导词if意思是否如果作用作主句的宾语作主句的状语时态主句一般现在时或一般
21、将来时一般将来时从句根据从句实际情况而定从句用一般现在时代替将来例句Im not sure if she will come.我不能确定她是否会来。I will tell you if she comes.如果她来了,我会告诉你。3.结果状语从句结果状语从句由so,so that,such that,so that等引导。so that与such that区别 * sothatso+形容词/副词+that从句so+much/little+不可数名词+thatso+many/few+可数名词复数+thatso+形容词+a/an+单可数名词+thatsuchthatsuch+a/an+形容词+单数
22、可数名词+thatsuch+形容词+不可数名词/可数名词复数+that例如:It is so cold outside that nobody will go out to play.外面很冷,以至没有人愿意出去玩。He has so many books that I dont know which one I should borrow.他有这么多书,我不知道该借哪一本。He is such a good man that we all like him.He is so good a man that we all like him.他是一个大好人,我们都喜欢他。4.原因状语从句原因状语
23、从句由because,as,since等引导。如果是直接原因,通常用because引导;如果原因是人们已知的事实,用since引导;如果原因和理由是不言而喻、为人所知的、显而易见的,用as引导。由since,as引导的原因状语从句,一般位于主句之前。例如:Jim didnt go to school yesterday because he was ill.吉姆昨天没去上学,因为他病了。Since we are middle school students, we should listen to our teachers.既然我们是中学生,我们就应该听老师的话。5. 目的状语从句目的状语从句
24、由so that, so, in order that等引导。从句中常用can, could, may, might等情态动词。例如:My father gets up early every day so that he can catch the first bus. 爸爸每天都起得很早,以便能赶上头班车。6. 让步状语从句让步状语从句由although, though等引导。意思为“虽然(尽管)但是”,要注意不能与but用在同一个句子中。例如:Although the doctor was tired, he went on working. 尽管这个医生很累了,但他还继续工作。7. 比
25、较状语从句比较状语从句由than, as as, not so as等引导。例如:He is as tall as his father. 他和他爸爸一样高。8. 地点状语从句地点状语从句由where, wherever等引导。例如:Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。(三)定语从句1. 概论定语从句在复合句里起定语作用,修饰主句中的名词或代词。被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。基本结构为:先行词+关系词+定语从句。引导定语从句的关系词有who,whom,whose,which,that,when,where,why等。2. 关系词的基本用法
26、先行词关系词例句人who, whom, thatThis is the man who/that took the photo. 这就是拍这张照片的人。物that, whichThe train that/which has just left is for Beijing. 刚刚离开的那列火车是开往北京的。时间WhenWell never forget the days when we worked together. 我们永远都不会忘记在一起工作的时光。地点WhereThis is the place where my grandparents lived. 这就是我祖父母居住过的地方。(
27、二)按句子的用途可分四种一、陈述句陈述句是用来叙述一件事情或回答一个问题的句子。包括肯定句和否定句。句末用句号。(一)肯定句英语肯定句的结构可以用下面五种句式来说明。结构例句主语+连系动词+表语They feel happy.他们感到高兴。主语+不及物动词The bell has rung.铃声响过了。主语+及物动词+宾语He brings an umbrella.他带来一把伞。主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语He bought me a bike.他给我买了一辆自行车。主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语I found this question easy.我发现这题容易。(二)否定句1谓语动
28、词是be,或含有助动词、情态动词时,在其后面直接加not构成否定句。如:Mary was not in her office yesterday. 2谓语动词为实义动词时,要根据句子的时态和人称,在前面加dont, doesnt或didnt来构成否定句。如:They didnt go to visit the History Museum yesterday. 3含否定词的否定句。一些否定词如:no(not any/a), hardly, never, little, few, noone, nobody, nothing, neither of. . . , seldom等也可构成陈述句的否
29、定式。如:There are no pens or pencils on the desk. 二、祈使句祈使句表示请求、命令等,说话的对象是第二人称you,you常被省略。它的谓语动词一律用动词原形。(一)肯定祈使句形式例句以动词原形开头Open the window, please. 请把窗户打开。Do+祈使句,表强调Do be careful. 务必小心。用let引导Let me see. 让我看看。Lets give you a hand. 我们来帮你吧。lets是let us的简略形式。lets肯定包括听话人在内,而let us既可以包括听话人,也可以不包括。所以不包括听话人时,一定要
30、用let us。例如:1.Lets go boating, shall we?2.Let us go out and play, will you?(二)祈使句的否定1. Dont动词原形。如:Dont speak Chinese in English class. 2Lets not动词原形。如:Lets not laugh at the blind man. 三、疑问句疑问句是用来提出疑问的句子。它有四种形式:一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。(一)一般疑问句就全句提出问题,希望对方给予肯定或否定答复的问句,叫作一般疑问句。一般需以Yes或No回答。一般疑问句的结构如下:描述结构例句谓语动词是beBe+主语+表语+?Is he a tea
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