超详细非谓语动词讲解.docx

1、超详细非谓语动词讲解超详细非谓语动词讲解非谓语动词 (the Non-Finite Verbs)定义 在句子中不是谓语的动词，形式：不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）作用： 在句子中充当主语、宾语、状语等。特点：1.非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。 2.非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。 3.非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。 4.谓语动词在句中作谓语，受主语的人称和数的限制；非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语，它不受主语的人称和数的限制。 5.英语中不能单独做句子的谓语

2、。 与谓语动词的关系相同点 （1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如： They built a garden. They suggested building a garden. （2）都可以被状语修饰： The suit fits him very well. The suit used to fit him very well. （3）都有主动与被动, “体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化。例如： He was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态） He avoided being punished by his parents.（动名词的被动式） W

3、e have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时） Having written the composition, we handed it in.（现在分词的完成式） （4）都可以有逻辑主语 They started the work at once.（谓语动词的逻辑主语） The boss ordered them to start the work.（动词不定式的逻辑主语） We are League members.（谓语动词的主语） We being League member, the work was well done. （现在分词的逻辑主语）

4、不定式一、形式功能 ：动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。 否定式：not + (to) do 以do为例，动词不定式的构成如下： （1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后. He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. 他上周日除了修他的自行车什么也没干。 Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 马克思发现研究俄国的情况是很重要的。（3）作宾语补足语：动词+宾语+不定式（to do ）He warne

5、d me to be careful.I want you to speak to Tom.What makes you think so?（不带to的不定式）注：可以用动词不定式做宾补的动词有：ask, tell, order ,want ,get, would like, like, advise, invite, allow, help, wish,warn, expect, prefer, encourage，beg, permit, persuade,prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite. 此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用

6、，如：With a lot of work to do, he didnt go to the cinema 他有很多工作要做，所以没去电影院。 表见解、看法的动词结构可为：动词+宾语+ to be 的不定式结构：We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.The book is believed to be useful.（被动语态） There +不定式We didnt expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。注意：（1）有些动词需用 as 短语

7、作补语，像regard, think, believe, take, consider。如：We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。Mary took him as her father. 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。（2）在动词feel （一感），hear, listen to（二听），have, let, make（三让），notice, see, watch, observe, look at（五看）(即：吾看三室两厅一感觉)等后面的补足语中，不定式不带to，但变为被动语态后，必须带to。如：They saw the boy fal

8、l off the tree. The boy was seen to fall off the tree.(3)help后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to,也可以不带to.I often help him （to）clean the room. （4）作定语：动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系： 1）He is looking for a room to live in.（动状关系）He has got a chance to go abroad.（同位关系）3）主谓关系：She is always the last ( person) to speak at

9、 the meeting . -Im going to the post office , for I have a letter to post . ( 逻辑主语是I ) -Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now ( 逻辑主语不是I ) 4）动宾关系： I have a meeting to attend. 我有一个会议要出席。 注意：如果作定语的不定式是一个短语，则要保留不定式短语中的副词或介词。如：I need a pen to write with . (I will wirte with the pen ) (我需要一直钢笔

10、写字)I have a little baby to look after .(I must look after the little baby ) (我有一个婴儿要照看)He is looking for a room to live ？ He is looking for a room to live in . What did you open it with? 你用什么打开它？ 如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词： He has no place to live. 他无处安身。 This is the best way to work out this pr

11、oblem. 这是解决这个问题的最好办法。He has no money and no place to live ( in ) . I think the best way to travel ( by ) is on foot . There is no time to think ( about ) . 注意：不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时，不定式用主动形式表被动、也可用被动式： Have you got anything to send? 你要送什么东西吗？ Have you got anything to be sent? 你有什么东西需要送吗？ 说明所修饰名词的内容： We hav

12、e made a plan to finish the work. 我们制定了一个完成工作的计划。 被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语： He is the first to get here. 他第一个来到这儿。 （6）作状语： 表目的： He worked day and night to get the money. 他夜以继日地工作来赚钱。 She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 她卖掉了自己的头发来买那条表链。 注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致： wrong：To save money, every means has been tri

13、ed. right：To save money, he has tried every means. 为了省钱，他使出了浑身解数。 wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed. right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary. 为了学好英语，他需要一本词典。 作目的状语：既可以放在句首，也可以放在句尾 To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked. 说实话，我不喜欢他讲话的方式。 表结果(往往是与预期愿望相反的结果 意料之

14、外)： 常放在never only后 He arrived late only to find the train had gone. 他来晚了，只见火车已经走了。 I visited him only to find him out. 我去拜访他，只见他出去了。 表原因：常放在形容词后面 They were very sad to hear the news. 他们听到这条新闻非常伤心。 表程度： Its too dark for us to see anything. 太暗了，我们什么也看不见。 The question is simple for him to answer. 这问题由他

15、来回答是很简单的。 三、不定式的省略： 情态动词（除ought外， ought to do）would rather， had better感官动词和使役动词由 and, or 和 than 连接的两个不定式，第二个 to 可以省去。如：He wants to move to France and marry the girl.helpWhy/Why notBut 和 except 前是动词 do 时，后面出现的动词用不带 to 的动词不定式。试比较：He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to t

16、ake the medicine.通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand 等词后，可以省去 to be .如：保留to省略do动词。 If you dont want to do it, you dont need to. 如果你不想做这件事，你就不必做。 不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to。下列短语中，如果意义明确，常常省略到to：want to , wish to ,hope to , like to , hate to , plan to , try to , love to , have to , ought to , nee

17、d to , used to , be able to He wished to study medicine and become a doctor. 他希望学医并成为医生。 五、注意：1to 作介词：agree to， object to，close to , come to , lead to , refer to , equal to , familiar to , point to , thank to , devote to , next to , belong to , be used to , look forward to 动名词一、定义： 动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有

18、名词的句法功能。 二、形式：及物动词不及物动词主动被动主动一般时doingbeing donedoing完成时having donehaving been donehaving done一般式 doing （谓语动词同时发生） being done Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 完成式 having done having been done （谓语动词发生之前）We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。否定式：not + 动名词 动名词的形式： I regret not following his advice. 我

19、后悔没听他的劝告。 被动式： He came to the party without being invited他未被邀请就来到了晚会。 完成被动式： He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。 复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词 He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。 His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。 三、动名词的

20、句法功能：（1）作主语： 谓语用单数 Reading aloud is very helpful. Collecting stamps is interesting. Playing with fire is dangerous. 当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。结构：Its no good/use doing. Its no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。 （2）作表语： 动名词可以和主语调换位置。如：My hobby is collecting stamps.In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国，

21、蚁后的工作是产卵。 （3）作宾语：They havent finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。 We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。 注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如： We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。 只接V-ing做宾语的动词和动词短语： enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excus

22、e ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit，deny, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk, appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help）, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from),keep from, stop（from）,protectfrom, set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, be used to, l

23、ook forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like 接动名词、不定式均可，且意义相同的动词：like, love, dilike,hate, begin, star, continue, prefer, cease, cant bear/endure/stand接动名词、不定式均可，但意义不同的词：forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，stop，try等Stop to do 停下来去做 stop doing 停止做Forget to do 忘记要做 forget doing 忘记做过R

24、emember to do 记得要做 remember doing 记得做过Regret to do 遗憾要做 regret doing 后悔做过Try to do 企图做，尽力做 try doing 试着做Go on to do 继续做（另一件事） go on doing 继续做（同一件事）Mean to do 打算做 mean doing 意味做注意：Need, require, want作“需要”讲，其后用动名词的主动式表示被动意义，be worth也有类似用法。如：The flowers need watering/to be watered.The problem is worth

25、discussing.（4）作定语： 动名词作定语，一般表示用途。如：a waiting room，a diving board，a reading room，a dining hall动名词与现在分词作定语的区别：（1）现在分词作定语表动作，它与所修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，可改写成一个定语从句。如果为单词，放在被修饰n之前，为短语，放在被修饰n之后。如：a sleeping boy =a boy who is sleeping a developing country =a country which is developing （2）动名词作定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途或性质

26、，可改写成一个for的短语，两者不存在逻辑上的主谓关系。如：a washing machine = a mashine for washing a swimming pool = a pool for swimming He cant walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。 Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗？ （5）作同位语： The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。 His habit, listening to th

27、e news on the radio remains unchanged 他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。 分词一、现在分词和过去分词的区别：1）在语态上，现在分词表示主动意义；过去分词表示被动意义，不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生。像：gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned等词。如：a retired person 一个退休的人 a fallen ball 一个落下来的球2）在时间上，现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行或者与谓语动词同时发生，过去分词表示的动作已经完成或没有一定的时间性。如：falling le

28、aves 正在下落的树叶 fallen leaves 已经落在地上的树叶注意：分词作时间状语，如果先于主动词的动作，且强调先后，要用having done。如：Having finished his homework, he went out for a walk.=After he had finished his homework, he went out for a walk.二、注意：1）分词作状语，其逻辑主语要与主句主语保持一致2）分词前常有when / while / as / before/ after/ if / unless /even if 等引导词3）如果过去分词的动作发

29、生在主句谓语之前，用having been done Having been hurt in a traffic accident, I was given an operation.4）分词做状语，主语之前不可有and /but / so / or/ so that 等连词（如有，则此句子为祈使句）Working hard, you will succeed.Working hard and you will succeed.5)否定式，在分词之前+ not6)固定搭配： be dressed in be lost in thoughts lost in thoughts, he knock

30、ed into me.7)分词的逻辑主语与主句不同，分词要有自己的逻辑主语，称为“独立主语” The money used up, I had no food to eat现在分词 二、定义： 既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。 二、形式： 肯定式：V-ing； 否定式：not + 现在分词 （1）主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如：They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。 Having done his h

31、omework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业，他开始打篮球。 （2）被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。 The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。 Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。 三、现在分词的句法功能： （1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。 In the following years he worked even harder. 在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。 The man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father. 正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。 现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years