医学英语文献阅读二翻译.docx

1、医学英语文献阅读二翻译 Unit One Text A： Hippocratic Oath, The Medical Ideal1.Perhaps the most enduring - certainly the most quoted - tradition in the history of medicine is the Hippocratic Oath. Named after the famous Greek physician Hippocrates, this oath was written as a guideline for the medical ethics of d

2、octors. Although the exact words have changed over time, the general content is the same - an oath to respect those who have imparted their knowledge upon the science of medicine, and respect to the patients as well as the promise to treat them to the best of the physicians ability. 或许在医学史上最持久的,被引用最

3、多次的誓言就是”希波克拉底誓言”.这个以古希腊著名医师希波克拉底命名的誓言,被作为医师道德伦理的指导纲领.虽然随着时代的变迁,准确的文字已不可考,但誓言的主旨却始终如一尊敬那些将毕生知识奉献于医学科学的人，尊重病人，尊重医师尽己所能治愈病人的承诺。Who was Hippocrates, and Did he Write the Oath?2.For a man considered by many to be the Father of Medicine, little is known about Hippocrates of Cos. He lived circa 460-380 BC,

4、 and was the contemporary of Socrates as well as a practising physician. He was certainly held to be the most famous physician and teacher of medicine in his time. Over 60 treatises of medicine, called the Hippocratic Corpus have been attributed to him; however, these treatises had conflicting conte

5、nts and were written some time between 510 and 300 BC, and therefore could not all have been written by him. 作为被大家公认的”医学之父”,我们对希波克拉底知之甚少.他生活于约公元前460-380年,作为一名职业医师,与苏格拉底是同代人.在他的时代,他被推举为当时最著名的医师和医学教育者.收录了超过60篇论文的专著希波克拉底文集,被归于他的名下;但是其中有些论文的内容主旨相冲突,并成文于公元前510-300年,所以不可能都是出自他之手.3.The Oath was named after

6、 Hippocrates, certainly, although its penmanship is still in question. According to authorities in medical history, the contents of the oath suggest that it was penned during the 4th Century BC, which makes it possible that Hippocrates had himself written it. Anyway, regardless of whether or not Hip

7、pocrates himself had written the Hippocratic Oath, the contents of the oath reflect his views on medical ethics.这个宣言是以希波克拉底命名的，虽然它的作者依然存在疑问。根据医学历史权威的看法，这个宣言的内容是在公元前四世纪起草的，这使希波克拉底自己起草这个宣言成为可能。无论如何，不管是否是希波克拉底自己起草的（希波克拉底宣言），这个宣言的内容都反映了他在医学伦理上的看法。From Medical Ideal to Standard Ethics Guidelines4.The Hip

8、pocratic Oath was not very well received when it was first penned, being a representation of only a minor segment of Greek opinion at the time. However, by the end of ancient times, physicians began conforming to the conditions of the oath. It is possible that when scientific medicine suffered a gro

9、ss decline after the fall of the Roman Empire, this oath, along with the dictates of Hippocratic medicine, was all but forgotten in the West. It was through the perseverance of the spirit of inquiry in the East that the tenets of Hippocratic medicine - and the Hippocratic Oath - survived this period

10、 of deterioration, notably through the writings of Arabian authorities in medicine. The knowledge of Greek medicine was later revived in the Christian West through the Latin translations of both these Arabic works and the original Greek texts. 作为代表当时希腊观点的唯一一小部分，希波克拉底誓言首次被写时并没有受到很好的欢迎。然而,在那远古时代结束时,医生

11、们开始遵循誓言的条款。当科学医学在罗马帝国衰亡后遭受一显而易见的衰退时，这个誓言,连同希波克拉底医学的指示命令，在西方都几乎被遗忘是有可能的。正是通过东方坚持不懈的探索精神，使得希波克拉底医学信念和希波克拉底宣言得以在这一恶化的时期幸存下来，尤其是通过阿拉伯当局在医学上的著作。希腊医学知识而后在西方基督教复活是通过了阿拉伯文论著和原始希腊文的拉丁文翻译。5.By the late 17th Century, standards of professional behaviour had been set in the Western World. The first code of medic

12、al ethics to be adopted by a professional organisation was written by English physician Thomas Percival (1740-1804) in 1794, which was adapted and adopted by the American Medical Association (AMA) in 1846. This code of ethics, which provided a gold standard for professional physicians, dictated the

13、moral authority and independence of physicians in service to others and their responsibility towards the sick, as well as the physicians individual honour.到17世纪后期，专业行为标准已经在西方世界建立。被专业组织通过的第一部医学伦理学的法典是由英国内科医生托马斯珀西瓦尔(1740 - 1804)1794年编写的, 并在1846年被改编和通过了美国医学协会(AMA)。Thomas Percival提出的道德规范为职业医师提供了金标准，主宰着医

14、生们服务他人时的道德权威和独立性以及医生对病人的责任，还有医生的个人荣誉。6.The seeds had been sown by Hippocrates - or one of his ghost writers.种子已经被希波克拉底或者他的代笔者们所播种。7.After World War II, 23 doctors from Nazi Germany concentration camps were found guilty of breaching the code of medical ethics by performing horrifying medical experime

15、nts on prisoners. This incident led to the composition of the Nuremberg Code (1947), which represented the starting point in discussions regarding ethical treatment of human subjects, and outlined the ethics of medical research with regard to the rights of these subjects. This in turn led to the ado

16、ption of the Declaration of Geneva oath by the World Medical Association in 1948.二战之后，由于在罪犯身上进行骇人听闻的医学实验而违反了医学伦理准则，23位来自行德国纳粹集中营的医生被判有罪。这一事件导致了纽伦堡宣言的诞生（1947）， 这意味着关于人类受试者的道德治疗的讨论的开启， 概述了在医学研究中关于这些受试者权益的道德问题。这反过来导致1948年世界医学协会通过了维也纳宣言的宣誓。Contemporary dilemmas in the Modern World 8.The reintroduction o

17、f the oath has been problematic. Medical ethics are complex. They must balance patient expectations, social demands and taboos, economic and political realities, and evolving medical and scientific knowledge. For instance, the original oath required patients to be cured regardless of circumstances.

18、However, using placebos in double-blind trials, considered essential for drug development, means doctors do not attempt a cure. The original oath would also forbid triage. This is used during war or disasters when treatment is prioritised based on patients survival chances. Different medical care fo

19、r patients with or without health insurance would be impossible. Some dangerous types of chemotherapy using toxic drugs in high doses would be disallowed. Finally, the original oath prohibits assisted euthanasia to relieve the suffering of patients with incurable conditions.誓言的重申一直是个问题。医学伦理相当复杂。他们必须

20、平衡病人的期望、社会需求和禁忌、经济和政治现实以及并不断发展的医学和科学知识之间的关系。例如，当初的誓言要求无论在任何情况下患者都应得到治愈。然而，在双盲试验中使用安慰剂是在药物开发必不可少的，但却意味着医生没有试图进行治疗。而当初的誓言，也将禁止病人分流治疗。病人分流治疗用于战争或灾害时根据病人的生存机会优先进行治疗。对有或没有医疗保险的病人进行不同的医疗保健是不可能的。使用高剂量毒性药物进行化疗的某些危险形式将被禁止。最后，能够减轻身处无法治愈境地的病人痛苦的安乐死被当初的誓言所禁止。9.Therefore people argue that the original Hippocrati

21、c Oath is invalid in a society that has seen drastic socio-economic, political and moral changes since the time of Hippocrates. This has led to the modification of the oath to something better suited for our times. Four of the most widely used versions nowadays are the Declaration of Geneva- mention

22、ed previously, the Prayer of Maimonides, the Oath of Lasagna3, and the Reinstatement of Hippocratic Oath. Although they differ in wording and content, the main tenets are the same - treat patients to the best of ones abilities, never cause intentional harm, and maintain patient confidentiality - alt

23、hough none of them call upon various deities to punish the physician if he transgresses from the oath, save for the Reinstatement! 因此，人们争辩自希波克拉底的时代以后,原始的希波克拉底誓言在一个发生了翻天覆地的社会经济、政治和道德变革的社会是无效的。这指引我们对誓言进行修改，使其更适合我们的时代。四个当今使用最广泛的版本是:日内瓦宣言（前文已提及）；迈蒙尼德的祷告； Lasagna宣言；修复后的希波克拉底宣言.虽然他们的措辞和内容不同,主要原则是一样的尽自己最大能

24、力去治疗病人,永不造成故意伤害,和保护病人的私密然而没有一条誓言要求各种神灵去惩罚一个违反了誓言的医生,除了恢复希波克拉底宣言10.Today, most graduating medical students swear to some form of the oath before they go out into the world to practice medicine. However, this is usually a modern version, which bears little resemblance to the original. Some medical sch

25、ools, particularly in the United States, combine other oaths with modern rules to create a workable ethical model. Unlike the original, the new oath does not require that doctors swear it before they can practise. Instead, it is a code of practice, and a symbol for young doctors entering the profess

26、ion and their commitment to healing.现在，大部分医学毕业生在走出校园进入社会从事医疗实践活动前都会向某种形式的医学宣言起誓.然而，这通常是一个与原来相似性很小的现代版本。尤其是在美国的一些医学院校结合其他的誓言和现代的规则，创建一个可行的伦理模式。与原来的不同，新的誓言不需要医生发誓才可以练习。相反，它是一个实践的代码和一个年轻医生进入专业和对治愈病人承诺的象征。11.The question is - why has such an old bit of writing, descended from ancient times, so profoundl

27、y influenced the practice of medicine throughout the history of medical science? 现在的问题是-为什么有这么多从古代流传下来的作品，能够在整个医学科学的发展历史中对医学实践过程产生如此深刻地影响。12.G E R Lloyd said of Hippocratic medicine: In the Western world, the name Hippocrates has always stood for an ideal. And this is what the oath is all about - an

28、 ideal gold ethics standard representing a clear dividing line separating healers and killers, a commitment that physicians make to protect life, and never to take life away deliberately. In a world where society is always attempting to put the blame on physicians when things go wrong, this oath, wh

29、en upheld, would protect not only physicians and their patients, but also their families and the society as a whole.德国人劳埃德这样评价希波克拉底：在西方世界，希波克拉底的名字一直就代表着一个典范。而这正恰恰是这个誓言所要表达的：一个理想的金道德标准代表了一条明确的分界线区分医治者和杀手，医生做出的保卫生命的承诺，以及永远不要故意夺走他人的生命。当事情出错时社会总是试图把责任推给医生，在这样的一个世界里，这个被维护的誓言，将不仅保护医生和病人，还保护他们的家庭和整个社会。13.I

30、t is understandable that some radicals may demand the removal of the Hippocratic Oath at graduation with the argument that it is too antiquated to be of use. However, even in this modern age of technological and medical enlightenment, a gold standard in moral and medical ethics - no matter how utopi

31、an it sounds - is still needed not only to set an example to those who are inheriting the medical business, but also to protect those at the receiving end of the medical practice. Modification of the original oath is unavoidable - Hippocrates, being a man who was meticulous in his scientific methods

32、 and keen in his observations of the world with regard to man and disease, would surely have approved of the changes for the sake of keeping up with the developments of the world - but as long as our physicians and practitioners hold true to the basic tenets of the Hippocratic Oath, it would continu

33、e to serve mankind for long after the name of its writer has been forgotten.可以理解的是,正因为它已经太过时了，一些激进分子可能会要求在毕业典礼中将希波克拉底誓言移除。然而，即使在科技和医疗启蒙的当今时代，仍然需要道德和医学伦理方面的黄金标准（不管这听起来多么乌托邦）。不仅是为那些继承的医疗业务的人树立了一个榜样，而且也保护了那些在医疗实践的接收端中的人。原始誓言的修改是不可避免的。希波克拉底，一个在科学方法上一丝不苟以及在关于人和疾病的世界的观察很敏锐的人，毫无疑问会赞同那些为了跟上世界的发展的目的改变，但只要希波克拉底宣言的基本原则对医生和实