历年考研英语一试题及答案.docx

1、历年考研英语一试题及答案全国硕士研究生入学考试一试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)We have more genes in common with people we pick to be our friends than with strangers.Though not biologically rel

2、ated, friends are as related as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is1a from the University of California and Yale University in theProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has2 .The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted31932 unique subjects which4pairs of unrelated friends

3、and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both5.While 1% may seem6, it is not so to a geneticist. As co-author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says, Most people do not even7their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people wh

4、o8our kin.The team9developed a friendship score which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.The studyalsofound that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now.10, as the t

5、eam suggests, it draws us11similar environments but there is more to it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that12us in choosing genetically similar friends13functional kinship of being friends with14!One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evo

6、lving15than other genes. Studying this could help16why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major17factor.The findings do not simply corroborate peoples18to befriend those of similaret 19backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were d

7、rawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to20that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects1.A whatB whyC howD when2.A defendedB concludedC withdrawnD advised3.A forB withC byD on4.A s

8、eparatedB soughtC comparedD connected5.A testsB objectsC samplesD examples6.A insignificantB unexpectedC unreliableD incredi ble7.A visitB missC knowD seek8.A surpassB influenceC favorD resemble9.A againB alsoC insteadD thus10.A MeanwhileB FurthermoreC LikewiseD Perhaps11.A aboutB toC fromD like12.A

9、 limitB observeC confuseD drive13.Aaccording toB ratherthanC regardlessofD alongwith14.A chancesB responsesC benefitsD missions15.A fasterB slowerC laterD earlier16.A forecastB rememberC expressD understand17.A unpredictableB contributoryC controllableD disruptive18.A tendencyB decisionC arrangement

10、D endeavor19.A politicalB religiousC ethnicD economic20.A seeB showC proveD tellSectionReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1King JuanCarlos of Spain onc

11、e insited” kings dont abdicate, they die in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recenet Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So does the Spanish crisis suggestthat monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the wri

12、ting is on the wall for all European royals, withtheir magnificent uniforms andmajestic lifestyles?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above” mere”politic

13、s and “embody” a spirit of national unity.Itis this apparenttranscendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of state. And so, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the mostmonarch- infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra).Bu

14、t unlike their absolutist counterpartsin the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult searchfor a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to

15、be, their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic fam

16、ilies should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses(or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the intern

17、ational 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europes monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the

18、monarchys reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style.The danger will come with Charles. Who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of theworld. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service- as

19、 non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchys worst enemies.21.According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of SpainA used to enjoy high public supportB was unpopular among Euro

20、pean royalsC eased his relationship with his rivalsD ended his reign in embarrassment22.Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostlyA owing to their undoubted and respectable statusB to achieve a balance between tradition and realityC to give voters more public figures to look up toD due to

21、their everlasting political embodiment23.Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?A Aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealthB The role of the nobility in modern democraciesC The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic familiesD The nobilitys adherence to their privi

22、leges24. The British royals ”have most of fear” because CharlesA takes a tough line on political issuesB fails to change his lifestyle as advisedC takes republicans as his potential alliesD fails to adapt himself to his future role25.Which of the following is the best title of the text?A Carlos, Glo

23、ry and Disgrace CombinedB Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the ThroneC Carlos, a Lesson for All European MonarchsD Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats.Text2JUST HOW much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court is only just coming to grips with that question. On Tues

24、day, without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the effects of suspects at the time of their arrest. Even if the just

25、ices are tempted, the state argues, it is hard for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed Californias advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, that the justices can and should provide upd

26、ated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding Californias lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to, say, rifling through a suspects purse. The court has ruled that police dont violate the Four

27、th Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring ones smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestees reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspond

28、ence. The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, means that police officers could conceivably access even more information with a few swipes on a touchscreen.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requi

29、rement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitutions prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesnt ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly on

30、erous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still trump Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, exigent circumstances, such as the threat of immediate harm, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered

31、 while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more leeway.But the justices should not swallow Californias argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitutions protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor who blogs on The Posts Volokh Conspiracy, the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with t