《英语词汇学》知识点归纳.docx

1、英语词汇学知识点归纳English Lexicology（ 英语词汇学 ）Lexicology （词汇学） : is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.The Nature and Scope of English lexicology ：English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures ofEnglish words and word equivalents, th

2、eir semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to ：English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology（ 形态学 ）, semantics（ 语义学 ）, etymology（ 词源学 ）,stylistics （文体论） and lexicog

3、raphy（ 词典学 ）The reason for a student to study English lexicology ：According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English.A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules of word-formation will help learners develop their personal vo

4、cabulary and consciously increase their word power. The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively. The understanding and their sense relat

5、ions will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage, and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately. A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study.Chapter 1-Bas

6、ic concepts of words and vocabularyWord （词的定义） : A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. （1）a minimal free form of a language （2）a sound unity（3）a unit of meaning （4）a form that can function alone in a sentenceSound and meaning （声音与意义） :

7、 almost arbitrary, “ no logical relationship between thesound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itselfSound and form （读音和形式） : 不统一的四个原因 （ 1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （ 2）the pronuncia

8、tion has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years （3） some ofthe difference were creates by the early scribes （ 4） the borrowings is an importantchannel of enriching the English vocabularyVocabulary (词汇) : all the words in a language make up its vocabularyClassification of English WordsBy u

9、se frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabularyBy notion:content words&functional wordsBy origin:native words&borrowed wordsThe basic word stock (基本词汇) : is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated overcenturies and forms the common core of the language. Though it constitute a small percentage

10、 of the EV, it is the most important part of vocabulary.The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock( 基本词汇的特征 ):1)All-National character（全民通用性 most important ） 2）Stability （相对稳定性）3)Productivity (多产性)4）Polysemy （多义性） 5）Collocability （可搭配性）没有上述特征的 words:（4）Argot （暗语） （ 5）(1)Terminology( 术语 ) (2)Ja

11、rgon (行话) (3)slang (俚语) Dialectal words( 方言 ) (6) Archaisms (古语) (7) Neologisms (新词语) :Neologisms means newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.(email)Content words/notional words functional words/empty words实词 ( cloud, run walk, never, five, frequently ) and虚词 (

12、on, of, and, be, but )Native Words and Borrowed WordsNative words (本族语词) : known as Anglo-Saxon words (50,000-60,000), are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes. (mainstream of the basic word-stocks).Two other features:(1)neutral in style (2)frequent in useBorrowed words

13、/Loan words (外来语词) : words taken over from foreignlanguages.(80% of modern EV)4 Types of loan words:1) denizens( 同化词 ): (shirt from skyrta(ON)2) aliens (非同化词 / 外来词) :are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling (kowtow (CH) 磕头 )3) translation loans( 译借词 ): 按其他语言方式

14、组成英语 long time no see (from China)4) semantic loans (借义词)： they are not borrowed with reference to the form,but their meanings are borrowedChapter 2 the development of the English VocabularyThe Indo-European Language Family( 印欧语系 )The Eight Groups in Indo-European Family of Languages ( 8 大印欧语群)The E

15、astern set:(1) The Balto-slavic Group (波罗的 - 斯拉夫语族)： Russian,Bulgarian,Polish,Czech etc.(2) The Indo-Iranian Group (印度 -伊朗语族)： Hindi,Bengali,Persian etc.(3) The Armenian Group (亚美尼亚语族)： Armenian.(4) The Albanian Group (阿尔巴尼亚语族)： Albanian.The Western set:(5) The Hellenic Group (古希腊语族)： Greek.(6) The

16、Italian Group (意大利语族)： Latin ,Romance languages(French,Italian,Spanish, portuguese,Romanian) etc.(7) The Celtic Group (凯尔特语族)： Irish,Welsh,Breton etc.(8) The Germanic Group (日耳曼语族)：Flemish,German,Dutch,Scandinavian(Norweigian, Swedish,Danish,Icelandic) etc.The Three Stages of Development of the Engl

17、ish Vocabulary:1 Old English (450-1100) (vocabulary 50,000 to 60,000):was I high inflected language.2 Middle English (1150-1500):retaines much fewer inflections3 Modern English (1500-up to now): in fact more than 25% of modern E words come almost directly from classical languages. In Modern E, words

18、 endings were mostly lost with just a few expections.English has evolved from a synthetic language(Old English) to the present analytic language.Modes of Vocabulary Development( 词汇的发展模式 ):1) creation 创造新词： the formation of new words by using the existing materials,namelytoots,affixes and other eleme

19、nts.( 最重要方式 )2) semantic change 旧词新义 :does not increase the number of word forms but create many more new useages of the words.3) borrowing 借用外来词 :constitute merely 6 to 7 percent of all new wordsReviving words or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insig

20、nificant.Chapter 3 Word Formation IMorpheme（ 词素）:the smallest functioning unit in the composition of wordsAllomorph（ 词素变体）:is a differe nt varia nt form of a morpheme , differ in pho no logical and spelli ng form, but at the same in function and meaningType of Morpheme（ 词素的分类）（1） Free Morphemes （自由词

21、素）：have complete meaning in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself.（in depe nden t）.（2） Bound Morpheme（ 粘着语素）:A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself.Bound Morpheme includes two types: （1） bound root（ 粘附词根）（2）Aff

22、ix（词缀）Affixes can be put into two groups:1） 1 nflectional affixes （ 屈折词缀）:affixes attached to the end of words to indicategrammatical relati on ships are in flect ion al,thus known as in flect ional morphemes.2） Derivational affixes（ 派生词缀）:A） prefix: A prefix comes before words. B）suffix:An adjectiv

23、e suffix （形容词后缀） that is added to the stem, whatever class is bel ongs to , the result will be an adjective.Free Morpheme =free root （自由词根）Morpheme（词素）ound rootaffixsuffixin flectio nalRoot and stem （词根和词干）The differe nces betwee n root and stem:A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be fur

24、ther analyzed without total loss of iden tity.A stem is the surplus part after the cutt ing of in flect ional morpheme in a word with in flect ional morphemes,ca n be further an alyzed, it sometimes could be a root.构词法 )Chapter 4 Word-Formation II(1. Affixation 词缀法(Derivation 派生法)：the formation of w

25、ords by adding word-formaingor derivational affixes to stem.(1) Prefixation( 前缀法 )： Its the formation of new words by adding a prefixes to stems.1) Negative prefixes( 否定前缀 ): un-,non-,in-,dis,a- ,il-,ir-,im-,etc.disobey(not obey)2) Reversative prefixes (逆反前缀) : un-,de- ，dis- etc. unwrap(open)3) Pejo

26、rative prefixes: mis (贬义前缀)： mis- ， mal-, pseudo- etc.misconduct(bad behaviour)4) Prefixes of degree or size( 程度前缀 )： arch-,extra-,hyper-,macro-,micro-,mini-,out-,over-,sub-,super-,sur-,ultra-,under-,ect. overweight5) Prefixes of orientation and attitude (倾向态度前缀) :contra-,counter-,anti-,pro- etc.ant

27、i-nuclear6) Locative prefixes (方位前缀) :extra-,fore-,inter-,intra-,tele-,trans-, etc.extraordinary(more than ordinary)7) Prefixes of time and order (时间和顺序前缀) :fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re- etc. monorail(one rail)8) Number prefixes (数字前缀) :uni- ，mono-, bi- ， di-, tri-,multi- ，poly- ， semi- ，etc.bilingual(co

28、ncerning two languages)9) Miscellaneous prefixes (混杂前缀)： auto-, neo-, pan-, vice-.vice-chairman(deputy chairman)(2)Suffixation (后缀法) : Its the formation of a new word by adding suffixes to stems.1) noun suffixes 2)adjective suffixes 3)Adverb suffixes 4)verb suffixes2. Compounding 复合法 ( also called c

29、omposition )Compounding: is the formation of new words by joining two or more stemsCompounds are written in three ways: solid 连写 (airmail) ， hyphenated 带连字符 (air-conditioning)and open 分开写 (air force, air raid)Formation of compounds (复合词的形式)1) noun compounds ： e.g. : air + plane = airplane,flower + p

30、ot = flower pot3) verb compounds ： e.g. house + keep = housekeep3. Conversion 转类法Conversion: is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. (功能转换，又叫零派生 .functional shift/zero-derivation )4. Blending 拼缀法Blending : is the formation of new words by combining parts of t

31、wo words or a word plus a part of another word. e.g: motor + hotel = motel, smoke + fog = smog, formula + translation = FORTRAN5. Clipping 截短法Clipping:is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.e.g. plane from airplane, phone from telephone. 四种形式：1)

32、 .Front clippings 删节前面 (phone from telephone)2) .Back clippings 删节后面 (dorm from dormitory)3) .Front and back clippings 前后删节 (flu from influenza)4) .Phrase clippings 短语删节 (pop from popular music)6. Acronymy 首字母缩写法Acronymy:is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.(1) Initialism (首字母缩写词法) : initialisms are word