第3堂 状语从句.docx

1、第3堂 状语从句LECTURE 3 状语从句本堂目标 熟悉九大类状语从句以及各种状语从句的连接词，了解各种易混从句之间的区别以及各自的使用场合，重点掌握几种让步状语从句的特殊句型。基础预习 用来作状语的从句叫做状语从句。从本质上讲，状语从句就是用连词将几个分句连接起来，以表达分句之间特定的逻辑关系。【例】（02-Text 4）George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legit

2、imate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “Its like surgery,” he says. “We dont call those deaths homicides because the doctors didnt intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If youre a physician, you can ris

3、k your patients suicide as long as you dont intend their suicide.”【点睛】6个连接词将本段话连接起来，也就是说本段中含有6个状语从句，其中as long as，if引导条件状语从句；even if，although引导让步状语从句；because引导原因状语从句。【译文】波士顿大学健康法律系主任乔治安纳斯认为，只要医生是出于合理的医疗目的开药，纵然服用此药后会加速病人的死亡，医生是无罪的。他说：“这就像做手术，我们不能把死亡称作谋杀，因为医生并没有想杀死病人，尽管他们冒着死亡的危险。如果你是一名医生，只要你没有想让病人自杀，你就

4、能冒你的病人自杀的危险。”状语从句根据其作用可分为9种：时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、比较和方式状语从句。一、 时间状语从句引导词例示asAs the time went on Einsteins theory proved to be correct.whenCan you spare me 5 minutes when its convenient?whileWhile I stayed in France, I made many friends.afterHe changed his address after he left Beijing.beforeIt may be

5、 many years before the situation improves.sinceMr Green has taught in that school since he came to China.onceWe didnt know how wed cope once the money had gone.by the time (that)截止到By the time he was 10, he had begun to make his living. 注意当从句用过去时，主句则用过去完成时。directly, immediately, instantlyI went home

6、 directly I had finished work.as soon as一就As soon as I arrive in America, Ill write to you.注意当主句是将来时，从句要用一般现在时。no soonerthan一就No sooner had she said it than she burst into tears.规则：主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。主句需倒装。hardly/scarcely when一就We had hardly sat down to supper when the phone rang.Hardly had I got hom

7、e than it began to rain. 规则：放句首时主句需倒装，主句需用过去完成时，从句需用一般过去时。the instant/minute/momentWe hadnt met for 20 years, but I recognized her the moment I saw her.any/next timePlease come here any time you are free.(ever) sinceIts been years since I enjoyed myself so much.We have been friends ever since we met

8、 at school.soon/shortly afterSoon after he arrived, he began to work at school.till/untilThe baby didnt stop crying until the mother came in. the first/second time (that)The first time I saw him, I fell in love with him.every/each time每次Each time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.whenever,

9、 no matter whenI told him to come back whenever he wants to.【例】(09-Text 1)But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.【点睛】。本句中第一个that引导宾

10、语从句，此宾语从句中又包含when引导时间状语从句，第二个that引导的定语从句修饰先行词paths and brain cells。【译文】但是，大脑研究人员发现，在我们有意识地培养新习惯的同时，我们也创造了平行路径，甚至是全新的脑细胞这些新路径和脑细胞能使我们的思路转入到新的创新轨道。二、地点状语从句引导词例示whereWhere there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成。wherever= no matter whereWherever you work, you will gain much valuable experience as long a

11、s you are willing to work.everywhereEverywhere they went, they were kindly received.anywhereIll take you anywhere you like.我将带你到你喜欢的任何地方。【例】Earthworms exist wherever adequate moisture and food and the necessary soil conditions are found.【点睛】wherever引导地点状语从句，表示“只要在地方，就”。【译文】只要在有足够湿度、食物和必要土壤条件的地方，就有蚯蚓

12、的存在。三、原因状语从句引导词例示becauseI didnt go, because I was afraid.as既然As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.since既然Since we dont have class now, why not sing a song?forHe must be ill, for he is absent today.now (that)既然Now that the semester is finished, Im going to rest a few days and take a

13、 trip.in thatLiquids are like solids in that they have a definite volume.for fear lest因恐He whispered for fear lest his son should hear.for fear (that)以免Shut the window for fear (that) it may rain.in as much as因为，既然In as much as we have all the materials ready, we should begin the new task at once.in

14、 so far that因为，既然Criticism and self-criticism is necessary in so far that it helps us to find and correct our mistakes.on the ground(s) that基于He disliked her on the ground(s) that she is lazy.on account of the fact that由于I eat ice-cream so much on account of the fact that I like sweet food.owing to

15、the fact that由于Owing to the fact that I didnt know the way, I asked a policeman.for the reason thatI often go to the concert for the simple reason that I love music.by reason thatShe looked down on him by reason that he was poor.considering (that)考虑到They did the job very well, considering that they

16、had no experience.seeing (that)鉴于Seeing (that) the weather is bad, well stay at home.that因为He felt ashamed that he had done so little.whereas鉴于Whereas the incidents have occurred, we should be cautious.not thatbut that不是因为而是因为The soldiers essential honor was not that he killed his enemy, but that he

17、 was willing to die.军人真的光荣，不是杀敌，而是不惜牺牲。【例】Since large segments of the populations of many developing countries are close to the subsistence margin and essentially powerless, they tend to be the losers in this system unless they are aided by a government policy that takes into account the needs of al

18、l sectors of the economy.【点睛】since 引导原因状语从句，说明主句所述情况出现的原因。【译文】由于许多发展中国家的大部分人口都处于维持生计的水平，他们的经济力量非常薄弱，因此，如果政府不制定一个将经济各方面需求都考虑在内的政策对他们进行支持，他们往往会成为这个体系的受害者。四、条件状语从句1条件状语从句的引导词引导词例示ifIf winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？unlessLets go out for a walk unless you are too tired.if only但愿，要是就

19、好If only I had known it, I wouldnt have troubled him. only if只是当时（才）Only if we persist in carrying out the open-door policy will we achieve greater success in every field.once一旦China will shake the world once it awakens.in case假如，以防Ill leave you my phone number in case you want to contact me.but tha

20、t要不是She could not have believed it, but that she saw it. so that只要So that it be done, I dont care who does it. only that如果不是The sunset is charming, only that it is near dusk.夕阳无限好，只是近黄昏。as/so far as至于，就而言So far as I know, there is no such word in Chinese.as/so long as只要As long as it doesnt rain, we

21、can play.according as如果According as I have the money, I will travel.in the event that如果的话In the event that our team wins, there will be a party.on condition that条件是，只要You can go out on condition that you wear an overcoat.on the assumption that假定I work on the assumption that the money will come throu

22、gh.on the understanding that如果I lend him money on the understanding that he paid it back soon.on the supposition that假定He planned his talk on the suppostion that his hearers would be students.given (that)如果，假定Given she is interested in children, I am sure teaching is the right career for her.providi

23、ng/provided (that)假如Well visit Europe next year provided we have enough money.suppose/supposing (that)假如Suppose you had a million pounds, how would you spend it?assuming (that) 假如Assuming he worked hard, he will be sure to pass the test.imagine that设想Imagine that you are in his place, how would you

24、act?【例】(92-翻译)On the whole such a condition can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they p

25、ossessed. 【点睛】这个句子结构较复杂，但只要看懂其中的两个only if结构，整个句子的逻辑关系就不难理解了but前面的部分表示结论，两个only if从句则表示得出此结论所必须达到的条件。【译文】总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度与其他孩子相同；他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子所具有的相关知识而被扣分。2条件状语从句的时态问题具体情况例示1）多数情况下，主句是一般将来时，条件状语从句用一般现在时来表示。主句是过去将来时，条件状语从句用一般过去时来表示。1）If the weather is terrible next week, wel

26、l put off the summer camp.如果下周天气不好，我们会推迟夏令营活动。2）Father told me if I worked hard he would buy me a special gift.爸爸告诉我如果我学习努力，他会给我买一件特殊的礼物。2）有时用祈使句和情态动词来替代主句的将来时态。1）If you drink, dont drive.如果你喝了酒，千万别开车。(祈使句)2）If you feel like seeing the sights of the city, you can take a bus tour.如果你想看城市风光，你可以坐城市观光车。

27、(情态动词)3）He can continue to support himself and his family only if he produces a surplus. 只有生产有了盈余，他才能够养活自己和家人。3）如果主句动词是want, had better等词，则用一般现在时。1）What do you want to do if you have much money?如果你有了许多钱，你想要做什么？2）If you are expecting visitors, youd better make the room clean.如果你在等着客人来访，你最好把房间打扫干净。4）有

28、时if引导的从句也可以用will, will表示意愿。If youll just wait a moment, Ill find someone to help you.如果你愿意等一会儿，我会找人来帮助你。3if引导的条件状语从句的省略结构具体情况例示if从句可省去其与主句相同的部分1)Im happy if you are.你高兴我就高兴。2)I will go if you will.你如愿去，我也去。if从句可省去主语和连系动词或助动词be1)Send the goods now if(they are)ready.货物如已备好，请即刻送来。2)He will come if(he i

29、s)asked.他如被邀就会来。在if necessary, if possible结构中省略it，be1)If(it is)necessary, ring me at home.必要时可打电话到我家找我。2)If(it is)true, this will cause us a lot of trouble.这事若是事实，将给我们造成许多麻烦。if常和某些不定代词构成省略结构1)If anyone, he knows.如果有人知道，那就是他了。2)He seems to have little,if anything, to do with this.若要说他和这事有什么相关的话，那也似乎是

30、很少的。 【例】(05-完形)The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it inefficient to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can create new receptors if necessary. 【点睛】句末的if necessary为if引导的条件状语从句的省略结构，其完整形式为if it is necessary。【译文】对气味不明感的解释似乎是：大脑发现，让所有的气味感受器一直工作的做法效率

31、太低，但是在需要的时候大脑仍可以产生新的感受器。 五、目的状语从句引导词例示that以便，为了Well start early that we may arrive in time.我们早点动身，以便准时到达。so that 以便，为了Take this medicine so that you can recover soon.吃了这药，以便你康复得更快。in order that以便She raised her voice loud in order that she might be heard.她提高音量以使人能听见她。lest以防He wrote the name down lest he (should) forget it.他把名字写下来，以防忘记。注意从句中的虚拟语气in case以防，以免Take an unbrella, in case it rains.for fear that以防He is working hard for fear that he shou