版高考英语一轮复习精细化学通语法第八讲非谓语动词讲义.docx

1、版高考英语一轮复习精细化学通语法第八讲非谓语动词讲义第八讲 非谓语动词动词不定式不定式由“to动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to动词原形”。不定式可以加宾语或状语构成不定式短语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。不定式可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语和表语，但不能单独作谓语。(一)不定式的用法1作主语不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语。如：To see is to believe.眼见为实。It is right to give up smoking.戒烟是正确的。名师指津在“It is/wasadj.for/of sb. to do sth.”结构中

2、，若形容词侧重于评价人物的特性、特征，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用of，此时形容词常为kind, nice, foolish等词，且sb.与形容词之间可构成逻辑上的系表关系；若形容词侧重于描写不定式动作的特征、特点，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用for。It is generous of him to contribute so much.他捐献了这么多真是太慷慨了。It was important for us to live a lowcarbon life.过一种低碳生活对我们来说很重要。2作宾语(1)下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装deci

3、de/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, helpWe agreed to meet at the school gate.我们一致同意在校门口见面。(2)在某些动词如find, think, consider, feel, make, believe后，常用it作形式宾语，然后加宾语补足语，最后加不定式作真正的宾语。We think it our duty to pr

4、otect the environment.我们认为保护环境是我们的责任。3作宾语补足语(1)在很多动词后都可以用不定式作宾语补足语，如ask, want, invite, get, force, expect, allow, persuade, order, warn, remind, prefer, cause, permit, forbid, advise, teach等。Father will not allow us to play in the street.父亲将不允许我们在街上玩耍。(2)下列动词(短语)接省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语：一感 (feel)，二听(hear,

5、listen to)，三让(let，have, make)，五看 (see, notice, observe, watch, look at)，半帮助 (help)，但在变为被动语态时需加to。Nobody saw him come in.(主动语态)没人看见他进来。The thief was observed to enter the bank.(被动语态)有人看见小偷进了银行。4作定语不定式作定语，通常置于所修饰的名词或代词之后，与所修饰的词之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系、动宾关系或同位关系。She is always the first to come and the last to leav

6、e.(主谓关系)她总是第一个到，最后一个离开。Have you got a letter to write？(动宾关系)你有一封信要写吗？Do you have the ability to read and write in English？(同位关系)你有用英语读和写的能力吗？5作状语(1)作目的状语，有时用in order to或so as to。To be a winner, you need to give all you have and try your best.要想成为赢家，你要付出所有并竭尽全力。(2)作结果状语，常用结构enough to, too .to ., only

7、 to等。Im too tired to stay up any longer.我太累了，不能再熬夜了。(3)作原因状语，此时常与表示情感的形容词连用，如glad, happy, frightened, surprised等。Im very glad to meet you here.在这儿遇见你我真高兴。(4)作目的状语，此时的动词不定式动作必须是主语发出的。To learn English well, his father bought him a dictionary.()To learn English well, he bought himself a dictionary.()6作

8、表语不定式作表语多表示某一次具体的、特定的或有待实现的动作。My dream is to enter Beijing University.我的梦想是考入北京大学。(二)疑问词不定式不定式与疑问词who, which, when, where, how, what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。He didnt know what to say.(宾语)他不知道说什么。How to solve the problem is very important.(主语)如何解决这个问题很重要。名师指津在与why连用时，只用于why或why not开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不

9、定式不带to。Why not have a rest?为什么不休息一下呢？(三)动词不定式的时态和语态1动词不定式的时态和语态的构成和用法形式意义主动语态被动语态一般式与句子谓语动词的动作同时发生或在谓语动词的动作之后发生to doto be done进行式在谓语动词的动作发生时正在进行to be doing完成式在谓语动词的动作之前发生to have doneto have been done完成进行式发生在谓语动词的动作之前并且持续到谓语动词的动作发生时仍在进行to have been doingI saw him go out.我看见他出去了。The boy pretended to b

10、e studying hard when his teacher came in.当老师进来的时候，那个男孩假装正在努力学习。Im sorry to have kept you waiting.很抱歉让你久等了。The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance.明天要举行的会议很重要。2动词不定式语态四注意(1)不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。Have you got a key to unlock the door?你有开门的钥匙吗？(2)不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词之间构成逻辑上

11、的动宾关系，又和该句主语之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式。He needs a room to live in.他需要一间房间居住。(3)不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句中主语之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了for sb.。This book is difficult to understand.这本书很难理解。(4)在there be结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式；如果说话人强调的事情本身必须完成，则用被动形式。There is a lot of work to do.(有人必须去干活)There

12、 is a lot of work to be done.(工作必须被做)请注意下面两个句子的含义是不同的：There is nothing to do.(无事可做，感到十分乏味)There is nothing to be done.(某东西坏了，无法使之恢复正常)(四)不定式符号to的保留问题有时为了避免重复，可以用to来代替前面的不定式，这种情况常出现在下列词语后：expect, prefer, care, mean, forget, want, wish, hope, would like (love), try以及be glad/happy等后。Will you go to the

13、cinema with me?Well, Id like to.你愿意和我一起去看电影吗？哦，我愿意。名师指津如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be, have, have been，这些词要保留。Are you on holidays?No, but Id like to be.你在度假吗？没有，但是我想去。对点练1用所给词的适当形式填空She wished that he was as easy to_please (please) as her mother who was always delighted with perfume.It has been his dream to_trave

14、l (travel) round the world.A major accident in southern Sweden happened today. Seven cars and six trucks are said _to_have_fallen (fall) into the water.Though they did all they could to_help (help) them, times were tough for them.It remains to_be_seen (see) whether you can get a better education, ev

15、en if you are in a private high school.动名词动名词是由动词ing形式构成的，它在句中起名词作用。(一)动名词的句法功能1作主语动名词短语作主语时，有时用it作形式主语。Hearing how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.听别人对你刚读过的这本书的反应会带来额外的乐趣。It is no good coming before that.在那之前来没有用。名师指津下面句型中常用动名词作主语：It is/was a waste (of .)/no us

16、e/no good doing sth.2作表语动名词作表语表示通常的情况，多指抽象的、经常性的动作。My job is teaching you English.我的工作是教你们英语。3作宾语(1)下列动词(短语)只能用动名词作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon; admit, delay/put off, fancy避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice; deny, finish, enjoy/a

17、ppreciate禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡forbid, imagine, risk; cant help (禁不住), mind, allow/permit, escapeHe tried to avoid answering my questions.他试图对我的问题避而不答。(2)由“动词介词”构成的短语，其后跟动名词作宾语，常见的有be/get used to (习惯于), look forward to (期盼), feel like (想要), insist on (坚持), get down to (开始认真做某事), devote . to . (致力于), object

18、 to (反对), stick to (坚持), give up (放弃)等。Its time I got down to thinking about that essay.我该认真思考一下那篇论文了。(3)下列动词或词组既可以接动名词作宾语，也可以接不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别：4作定语动名词可置于名词前作定语，表示被修饰的名词的用途和性能。a walking stick a stick for walking手杖a sleeping car a car for sleeping卧铺车(二)动名词的时态和语态形式意义主动语态被动语态一般式与谓语动词的动作同时或稍后发生doingbeing

19、done完成式先于谓语动词的动作完成having donehaving been doneDo you like playing chess?你喜欢下棋吗？She was pleased that the teacher wasnt angry with her for her having been so rude.她很高兴老师没有因为她的无礼而生气。对点练2用所给词的适当形式填空I appreciate being_given (give) this opportunity.Lydia doesnt feel like studying (study) abroad. Her parent

20、s are old.Scientists have discovered that staying (stay) in the cold could help us lose weight.In most cases, a healthy diet can help you decrease the risk of getting (get) some diseases like diabetes and cancer.Animals that are able to copy sounds may enjoy practicing (practice) new sounds.When the

21、y are kept outside of their natural environment, they may copy unusual sounds.分词分词包括现在分词和过去分词，在句中起形容词和副词的作用。(一)分词的句法功能1作状语分词作状语时，其逻辑主语是句子的主语，一般在句中作时间、原因、方式、条件、伴随等状语。(1)现在分词作状语时，分词表示的动作是由句子主语执行的，它们之间是主谓关系。Hearing the news, they got excited.听到这个消息，他们很兴奋。(2)过去分词作状语时，分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间是动宾关系。Seriousl

22、y injured, she had to be sent to hospital at once.由于受伤严重，需要将她立刻送往医院。2作表语表示事物的特征或性质时，表语用现在分词；表示人的内心感受时，表语用过去分词。Please describe a dog that is frightening.请描述一只令人害怕的狗。Please describe a dog that is frightened.请描述一只惊恐的狗。3作定语(1)作定语的及物动词的分词形式为doing, being done和done。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用doing；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动

23、关系且表示分词动作正在进行时，用being done；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示分词动作已完成时，用done。I have never seen a more moving film.我没看过比这个更令人感动的电影。The houses being built are for the teachers.正在建的房子是给老师的。The broken glass is Toms.这个打破了的杯子是汤姆的。(2)作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为doing和done, doing表示正在进行；done表示已经完成。boiling water 正沸腾的水boiled water 开水4作宾语

24、补足语(1)感官动词或短语see, watch, observe, look at, listen to, notice及keep, find等词可跟分词作宾语补足语。现在分词作宾语补足语时，宾语与宾语补足语之间在逻辑上是主谓关系；过去分词作宾语补足语时，宾语与宾语补足语之间在逻辑上是动宾关系。I saw him entering the bank.(him与enter之间为逻辑上的主谓关系)我看见他正向银行里走。I saw him operated on.(him与operate之间为逻辑上的动宾关系)我看见(有人)给他做了手术。(2)have, get后可接现在分词或过去分词作宾语补足语。

25、They had the fire burning all night.(burn动作一直在进行)他们让火整夜烧着。I will have my bike repaired tomorrow.(让别人去修)明天我要让人修一下我的自行车。(二)现在分词的时态和语态形式意义主动语态被动语态一般式与谓语动词的动作同时或稍后发生doingbeing done完成式先于谓语动词的动作完成having donehaving been doneHaving finished his homework, he went to bed.完成作业后，他上床睡觉了。The meeting being held no

26、w is of great importance. 现在正在开的会很重要。对点练3用所给词的适当形式填空Built (build) in 1192, the bridge is over 800 years old.I didnt talk much to the man sitting (sit) next to me.He suddenly appeared in class one day, wearing (wear) sunglasses.It is an activity held (hold) by an American charity organization.Attract

27、ed (attract) by the latest electronic toys, the little boy stood in front of the windows, without moving.独立主格结构独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等，也可以作定语。1名词/代词(主格)非谓语动词Weather permitting, we shall play the match tomorrow.(permit的逻辑主语是weather而非we)明天如果天气允许，我们就进行比赛。He was listening attentively in class, h

28、is eyes fixed on the blackboard.(fix的逻辑主语是his eyes而非he)他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。Many trees to be planted, our newlybuilt school will look even more beautiful. (plant的逻辑主语是many trees而非our newlybuilt school)种上许多的树后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。2名词/代词(主格)名词/形容词/副词/介词短语The students were having a discussion, their faces (being)

29、 red with excitement.学生们正在讨论，因为激动，他们的脸都红了。The boy came in, sword in hand.男孩走进来，手里握着剑。名师指津为使句子简洁、明快，独立主格结构中的冠词或代词也常省略。3with/without宾语(名词/代词)宾语补足语(形容词/副词/介词短语/非谓语动词)几乎所有的独立主格结构都可在其逻辑主语前加上with/without，构成with/without复合结构。Without anyone noticing, I stole into the room.没有人注意，我偷偷地溜进了屋子里。对点练4补全句子The_guide_l

30、eading_the_way,_we had no trouble getting out of the forest.向导领着路，我们毫不费劲地走出了森林。My_shoes_removed,_I entered the room.脱掉鞋后，我进入了这间房子。The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each_to_translate_a_quarter_of_the_book.我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。The_meeting_over,_our headmaster soon left the meeting room.散会了，校长很快就离开了会议室。He stood at the door, with_a_computer_in_his_hand/computer_in_hand.他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。