最新版新编英语语言学复习知识点整理.docx

1、最新版新编英语语言学复习知识点整理第一单元What is linguistics? 什么是语言学？Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general.The scope of linguistics 语言学研究的范畴Phonetics语音学Phonology音系学Morphology形态学Syntax句法学Semantics语义学Pragmatics语用学Sociolinguis

2、tics社会语言学Psycholinguistics心理语言学Applied linguistics应用语言学Phonetics语音学：the study of sounds used in linguistic communication led to the establishment of a branch of linguistics called phonetics Phonology音系学:as linguists became interested in how sounds put together and used to convey meaning in communica

3、tion ,they developed another branch of study related to sounds called phonology.Morphology形态学:the study of the way in which these symbols are arranged form words has constituted the branch of study called morphology.Syntax句法学:the combination of these words to form permissible sentences in languages

4、is governed by rules ,the study of these rules constitutes a major branch of linguistics studiesSemantics语义学:the study of meaning was gradually developed and became known as semanticsPragmatics语用学:when the study of meaning is conducted,not in isolaion,but in the context of use,it becomes another bra

5、nch of linguistic study called pragmaticsSociolinguistics社会语言学:the study of all these social aspects of language and its relation with society form the core of the branch called sociolinguisticsPsycholinguistics心理语言学: Psycholinguistics relates the study of language to psychologyApplied linguistics应用

6、语言学:findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the solution of such practical problems as the recovery of speech ability.the study of such applications is generally known as applied linguistics Other related branchs include anthropological linguistics,neurological linguistics,mathematica

7、l linguistics,and computational linguistics.Some important distinctions in linguistics。人类学/神经语言学/数理语言学/计算语言学1 .Prescriptive vs Descriptive规定性与描述性Descriptive：a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use.Prescriptive: it aims lay down rules for “correct” behavior.Modern l

8、inguistics is descriptive; its investigations are based on authentic, and mainly spoken data.Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on “high” written language2.Synchronic vs. diachronic 共时性与历史性The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic studyThe description of a lan

9、guage as it changes through time is a diachronic studyIn modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study.3.Speech and writing 口头语与书面语Speech enjoys priority over writing in modern linguistics study for the following reasons: (1) speech precedes writing in terms of e

10、volution(2) a large amount of communication is carried out in speech tan in writing(3) speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language4.Language and parole 语言与言语Language refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech communityParole refers to the rea

11、lization of language in actual use5.Competence and performance 能力与运用Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his languagePerformance: the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communicationWhat is language? 什么是语言？Language is a system of arbitrary vocal sym

12、bols used for human communicationCharacteristics of language: 语言的特性Language is a rule-governed systemLanguage is basically vocalLanguage is arbitrary (the fact different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. This conventional n

13、ature of language is well illustrated by a famous quotation from Shakespeares play “Romeo and Juliet”: “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.”)Language is used for human communicationDesign features of language 语言的识别特征American linguist Charles Hockett specified 12 design features:1) arbitra

14、riness 随意性2) productivity 创造性3) duality 双重性4) displacement不受时空限制性5) cultural transmission 文化传递性 单元二Two major media of communication: speech and writingThe limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language.

15、用于人类语言交际的声音称为语音，这些数目有限的一组语音构成了语言的声音媒介。Phonetics语音学: is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worlds language. Three branches of phonetics : articulatory phonetics 发音语音学（most highly developed）, auditory phonetics 听觉语音学and acoustic

16、 phonetics 声学语音学Articulation phonetics(发音语音学):How a speaker uses his speech organs articulate the sounds. Auditory phonetics（听觉语音学）:How a hearer perceives the sounds. Acoustic(声学语音学）:How the sounds are transmitter.Organs of speech 发音器官The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in thre

17、e important areas or cavities:The pharyngeal cavity咽腔-the throatThe oral cavity口腔-the mouthThe nasal cavity 鼻腔-the noseVibration of the vocal cords (声带) results in a quality of speech sounds called “voicing” 浊音，which is a feature of all vowels 元音 and some consonants 辅音。单词补充：01) velum: The soft palat

18、e. 软腭02) uvula: A small, conical, fleshy mass of tissue suspended from the center of the soft palate. 小舌，悬雍垂悬垂在软腭中央的小的圆锥状肉块03) larynx: n. 喉04) vocal cord: 声带05) membrane: n. A thin, pliable layer of tissue covering surfaces or separating or connecting regions, structures, or organs of an animal or a

19、 plant. 膜薄而柔软的组织层，覆盖在表面或分割连接各种区域、结构或动植物器官 06) the soft palate: 软腭07) the hard palate: 硬腭08) the teeth ridge: 齿龈09) alveolus: A tooth socket in the jawbone 牙槽颚骨处的牙床10) the teeth: 牙齿11) the lips: 上下唇12) blade of tongue: 舌面13) back of tongue: 舌根14) pharyngeal cavity: 咽腔15) nasal cavity: 鼻腔16) velar: Ar

20、ticulated with the back of the tongue touching or near the soft palate, as (g) in good and (k) in cup.软腭音的用舌头后部挂触或靠近软腭清楚地发音的，如在 good中的(g)以及在 cup中的(k)17) the tip of the tongue: 舌尖18) the upper front teeth: 上齿19) the roof of the mouth: 上颚20) the lower lip: 下唇International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) The v

21、owels (monophthongs and diphthongs) 元音（单元音&双元音）The consonants辅音Broad transcription: transcription with letter-symbols only. (in dictionaries and teaching textbooks)用一个符号来表示一个语音的标音方式叫做宽式标音法，这种音标法常见于词典和教科书。Narrow transcription: the transcription with diacritics.但实际上， 同一语音在不通的语音环境中的发音不尽相同， 比如Pit和spit中的

22、/P/音发音就不一样。在宽式标音的基础上， 再用变音符号表示同一语音在不同的语音环境下不同发音的标音法叫做窄式标音法。Classification of English speech sounds英语语音的分类vowels and constantsThe basic difference between a vowel and a constant is that in the pronunciation of the former the air that comes from the lungs meets with no obstruction of any kind in the t

23、hroat, the nose, or the mouth, while in that of the latter it is obstructed in one way or another.Consonants: the sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air steam at some point of the vocal tract. Vowels: the sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close

24、 together and the air stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction.Classification of English constantsClassification in two ways:in terms of manner of articulation :stops ,fricatives, affricates ,nasals ,liquids ,glides. :in terms of place of articulation:bilabial,labiodental,dental,alv

25、eolar,palatal,velar,glottal.Classification of English vowels英语元音的分类:the position of the tongue in the mouth舌位高低(classification of 3 groups:front,central,and back):the openness of the mouth,口的张开程度(classification of 4 groups:close vowels,semi-close vowels,semi-open vowels,and open vowels):the shape of

26、 the lips唇的形状(rounded or not rounded):length of the vowels元音的长度(long vowels and short vowels,corresponding to the distinction of tense and lax vowels)Phonology and phonetics音系学和语音学both are the studies of speech sounds.Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used i

27、n all human languages.语音学研究的是人类所有语言的语音，旨在对语音进行描述和分类。Phonology is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.音系学研究的重点是特定语言的语音体系，语音表达意义作用。Phon

28、e，phoneme and allophone语音，音位，音位变体Phones, which can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language.Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning.The different which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones o

29、f that phoneme.Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair音位对立，互补分布，最小对立对rope and robe that /P/ and /b/ can occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning; therefore they are in phonemic contrast.可以出现在不同语音组合中的同一为止， 产生意义差别。/P/ and /Ph/ these two allophones of the same

30、 phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution.When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. pen and ben最小对立对指出现在同一位置上的一个音之外其余都相同的两个语音组合。Some rules in phonology几条音系

31、规则 Sequential rules 序列规则 ：blik, klib , bilk, kilb is possible. But lbki, ilbk, bkil , ilkb not possible.Assimilation rules 同化规则（one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus make the two phones similar）Deletion rule 省略规则（it tell us when a sound is to be deleted although i

32、t is orthographically represented.）Sign, design, there is no g sound./Signature, designation the g is pronounced./ Delete a g when it occurs before a final nasal constant.Suprasegmental features: the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments .切分即单音层面以上的音系特征。the main suprasegmental features are: stress, tone, intonation. 超切分特征重音， 声调，语调第三单元Morphology is a branc