高考必备高中化学方程式合集.docx

1、高考必备高中化学方程式合集2019高考必备：高中化学方程式合集高中三年的化学方程式总结如下：金属氧化物1、低价态的还原性:6FeO+O2=2Fe3O4FeO+4HNO3=Fe(NO3)3+NO2+2H2OFeO+4H+NO3=Fe3+NO2+2H2O2、氧化性:Na2O2+2Na2Na2O(此反应用于制备Na2O)MgO|，Al2O3几乎没有氧化性|，很难被还原为Mg|，Al.一般通过电解制Mg和Al.Fe2O3+3H22Fe+3H2O(制还原铁粉)Fe3O4+4H23Fe+4H2OCuO+H2Cu+H2O2Fe3O4+16HI=6FeI2+8H2O+2I22Fe3O4+16H+4I=6Fe2

2、+8H2O+2I2Fe2O3+Fe3FeO(炼钢过程中加入废钢作氧化剂)FeO+CFe+CO(高温炼钢调节C含量)2FeO+Si2Fe+SiO2(高温炼钢调节Si含量)3、与水的作用:Na2O+H2O=2NaOHNa2O+H2O=2Na+2OH2Na2O2+2H2O=4NaOH+O22Na2O2+2H2O=4Na+4OH+O2(此反应分两步:Na2O2+2H2O=2NaOH+H2O2|；2H2O2=2H2O+O2H2O2的制备可利用类似的反应:BaO2+H2SO4(稀)=BaSO4+H2O2)MgO+H2O=Mg(OH)2(缓慢反应)4、与酸性物质的作用:Na2O+SO3=Na2SO4Na2O

3、+CO2=Na2CO3MgO+SO3=MgSO4Na2O+2HCl=2NaCl+H2ONa2O+2H+=2Na+H2O2Na2O2+2CO2=2Na2CO3+O2Na2O2+H2SO4(冷|，稀)=Na2SO4+H2O2MgO+H2SO4=MgSO4+H2OMgO+2H+=Mg2+H2OAl2O3+3H2SO4=Al2(SO4)3+3H2OAl2O3+6H+=2Al3+3H2OAl2O3+2NaOH=2NaAlO2+H2O(Al2O3两性氧化物)Al2O3+2OH=2AlO2+H2OFeO+2HCl=FeCl2+H2OFeO+2H+=Fe2+H2OFe2O3+6HCl=2FeCl3+3H2OF

4、e?2O3+6H+=2Fe3+3H2OFe3O4+8HCl=FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OFe3O4+8H+=2Fe3+Fe2+4H2O含氧酸1、氧化性:4HClO3+3H2S=3H2SO4+4HClClO3+3H2S=6H+SO42+ClHClO3+HI=HIO3+HClClO3+I=IO3+Cl3HClO+HI=HIO3+3HCl3HClO+I-=IO3+3H+ClHClO+H2SO3=H2SO4+HClHClO+H2SO3=3H+SO42+ClHClO+H2O2=HCl+H2O+O2HClO+H2O2=H+Cl+H2O+O2(氧化性:HClOHClO2HClO3HClO4|，但浓|，

5、热的HClO4氧化性很强)2H2SO4(浓)+CCO2+2SO2+2H2O2H2SO4(浓)+S3SO2+2H2OH2SO4+Fe(Al)室温下钝化6H2SO4(浓)+2FeFe2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O2H2SO4(浓)+CuCuSO4+SO2+2H2OH2SO4(浓)+2HBr=SO2+Br2+2H2O(不能用浓硫酸与NaBr制取HBr)H2SO4(浓)+2HI=SO2+I2+2H2O(不能用浓硫酸与NaI制取HI)H2SO4(稀)+Fe=FeSO4+H22H+Fe=Fe2+H2H2SO3+2H2S=3S+3H2O4HNO3(浓)+CCO2+4NO2+2H2O6HNO3(浓)+SH

6、2SO4+6NO2+2H2O5HNO3(浓)+PH3PO4+5NO2+H2O5HNO3(稀)+3P+2H2O3H3PO4+5NO5H+5NO3-+3P+2H2O3H3PO4+5NO6HNO3(浓足)+Fe=Fe(NO3)3+3NO2+3H2O4HNO3(浓)+Fe(足)=Fe(NO3)2+NO2+2H2O(先得Fe3+|，在Fe过量时再生成Fe2+的盐)4HNO3(稀足)+Fe=Fe(NO3)3+NO+2H2O4H+NO3-+Fe=Fe3+NO+2H2O30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe(NO3)3+3N2O+15H2O30H+6NO3+8Fe=8Fe3+3N2O+15H2O36HNO3+10Fe=

7、10Fe(NO3)3+3N2+18H2O36H+6NO3+10Fe=8Fe3+3N2+18H2O30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2O30H+3NO3+8Fe=8Fe3+3NH4+9H2O4Zn+10HNO3(稀)=4Zn(NO3)2+N2O+5H2O4Zn+10H+2NO3=4Zn2+N2O+5H2O4Zn+10HNO3(稀)=4Zn(NO3)2+NH4NO3+3H2O4Zn+10H+NO3=4Zn2+NH4+5H2O2、还原性:H2SO3+X2+H2O=H2SO4+2HX(X表示Cl2|，Br2|，I2)H2SO3+X2+H2O=4H+SO42-+X2H2SO3

8、+O2=2H2SO42H2SO3+O2=4H+SO42-H2SO3+H2O2=H2SO4+H2OH2SO3+H2O2=2H+SO42+H2O5H2SO3+2KMnO4=2MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2O5H2SO3+2MnO4=2Mn2+4H+3SO42+3H2OH2SO3+2FeCl3+H2O=H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HClH2SO3+2Fe3+H2O=4H+2Fe2+SO423、酸性:H2SO4(浓)+CaF2CaSO4+2HF(不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸)H2SO4(浓)+NaClNaHSO4+HCl(不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸)H2SO4(浓)+2NaClNa2SO4+2HC

9、l(不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸)H2SO4(浓)+NaNO3NaHSO4+HNO3(不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸)3H2SO4(浓)+Ca3(PO4)23CaSO4+2H3PO4(强酸制弱酸酸)2H2SO4(浓)+Ca3(PO4)22CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)2(工业制磷肥)3HNO3+Ag3PO4=H3PO4+3AgNO33H+Ag3PO4=H3PO4+3Ag+2HNO3+CaCO3=Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO22H+CaCO3=Ca2+H2O+CO2(用HNO3和浓H2SO4不能制备H2S|，HI|，HBr|，SO2等还原性气体)4H3PO4+Ca3(PO4)23Ca(H2PO4)2(重钙)

10、H3PO4(浓)+NaBrNaH2PO4+HBr(不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸|，磷酸是非氧化性酸)H3PO4(浓)+NaINaH2PO4+HI4、不稳定性：2HClO2HCl+O2(保存在棕色瓶中)4HNO34NO2+O2+2H2O(保存在棕色瓶中)H2SO3H2O+SO2(在加热或酸性条件下分解)H2CO3H2O+CO2(在加热或酸性条件下分解)H4SiO4H2SiO3+H2OH2SiO3SiO2+H2OH2S2O3H2O+S+SO2(在加热或酸性条件下分解)碱1、低价态的还原性：4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O=4Fe(OH)32、与酸性物质的作用：2NaOH+SO2(少量)=Na2SO3+H

11、2OOH+SO2=SO32+H2ONaOH+SO2(足)=NaHSO3OH-+SO2(足)=HSO32NaOH+SiO2=Na2SiO3+H2OOH-+SiO2=SiO32+H2O2NaOH+Al2O3=2NaAlO2+H2O2OH-+Al2O3=2AlO2+H2O2KOH+Cl2=KCl+KClO+H2OCl2+2OH=Cl+ClO+H2ONaOH+HCl=NaCl+H2OH+OH=H2ONaOH+H2S(足)=NaHS+H2OOH+H2S=HS+H2O2NaOH+H2S(少量)=Na2S+2H2O2OH+H2S=S2+2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3=Al(OH)3+3NaCl3OH+Al3

12、+=Al(OH)3NaOH+Al(OH)3=NaAlO2+2H2O(AlCl3和Al(OH)3哪个酸性强?)OH+Al(OH)3=AlO2+2H2OCa(OH)2+2NH4Cl2CaCl2+2NH3+2H2O(实验室制NH3)NaOH+NH4ClNaCl+NH3+H2OMg(OH)2+2NH4Cl=MgCl2+2NH3?H2O(Al(OH)3+NH4Cl不溶解)Ba(OH)2+H2SO4=BaSO4+2H2O2H+2OH+Ba2+SO42=BaSO42H2O3、不稳定性:Mg(OH)2MgO+H2O2Al(OH)3Al2O3+3H2O2Fe(OH)3Fe2O3+3H2OCu(OH)2CuO+H

13、2O2AgOH=Ag2O+H2O水解反应方程式1、单水解-可逆水解NH4Cl+H2ONH3?H2O+HClNH4+H2OH+NH3?H2OFeCl3+3H2OFe(OH)3+3HClFe3+3H2OFe(OH)3+3H+AlCl3+3H2OAl(OH)3+3HClAl3+3H2OAl(OH)3+3H+CuSO4+2H2OCu(OH)2+H2SO4(金属活动顺序表中Mg2+以后的阳离子均水解)NaHCO3+H2OH2CO3+NaOH(NaHSO4不水解|，NaHSO3电离大于水解)Na2CO3+H2ONaHCO3+NaOHCO32-+H2OHCO3-+OHNaHCO3+H2OH2CO3+NaOH

14、(第一步远远大于第二步|，二步不能叠加)Na2SO3+H2ONaHSO3+NaOHSO32-+H2OHSO3-+OHNaHSO3+H2OH2SO3+NaOH(第一步远远大于第二步|，二步不能叠加)HSO3-+H2OH2SO3+OH-Na2S+H2ONaHS+NaOHS2-+H2OHS-+OHNaHS+H2OH2S+NaOH(第一步远远大于第二步|，二步不能叠加)HS-+H2OH2S+OH-Na3PO4+H2ONa2HPO4+NaOHPO43-+H2OHPO42-+OHNa2HPO4+H2ONaH2PO4+NaOHHPO42-+H2OH2PO4-+OHNaH2PO4+H2OH3PO4+NaOHH

15、2PO4-+H2OH3PO4+OHCH3COONa+H2OCH3COOH+NaOHCH3COO-+H2OCH3COOH+OHC6H5ONa+H2OC6H5OH+NaOHC6H5O-+H2OC6H5OH+OH2、双水解CH3COONH4+H2OCH3COOH+NH3?H2ONH4F+H2OHF+NH3?H2OAl2S3+6H2O=Al(OH)3+H2S(隔绝空气|，密封保存)Mg3N2+6H2O=Mg(OH)2+NH3(隔绝空气|，密封保存)Na3P+3H2O=3NaOH+PH3(隔绝空气|，密封保存)Zn3P2+6H2O=Zn(OH)2+PH3(Zn3P2一种老鼠药|，PH3剧毒神经毒剂)Ca

16、C2+2H2O=Ca(OH)3+C2H2(隔绝空气|，密封保存)C2H5ONa+H2O=C2H5OH+NaOH电解及电极方程式1、电解质溶液在惰性电极条件下|，或阴极是较活泼金属电极|，阳极是惰性电极条件下的电解2NaCl+2H2O2NaOH+H2+Cl2(-)2H2O+2e-=H2+2OH-或2H+2e-=H2(+)2Cl-2e-=Cl22Cl-+2H2O2OH-+H2+Cl2CuCl2Cu+Cl2(-)Cu2+2e-=Cu(+)2Cl-2e-=Cl2Cu2+2Cl-Cu+Cl22CuSO4+2H2O2Cu+O2+2H2SO4(-)2Cu2+4e-=2Cu(+)2H2O-4e-=O2+4H+

17、或：4OH-4e-=O2+2H2O4H2O4H+4OH-2Cu2+2H2O2Cu+O2+4H+2H2O2H2+O2(-)4H+4e-=2H2(+)4OH-4e-=O2+2H2O中性电解4H2O4H+4OH-2H2OH2+O2酸性水解：(-)4H+4e-=2H2(+)2H2O-4e-=O2+4H+4OH-4e-=O2+2H2O2H2OH2+O2碱性水解：(-)4H2O+4e-=2H2+4OH-或：4H+4e-=2H2(+)4OH-4e-=O2+2H2O2H2OH2+O22、电镀：镀件作阴极|，被镀金属作阳极|，被镀金属的含氧酸盐作电解质溶液镀铜：CuSO4电镀液镀件(-)Cu2+2e-=Cu纯铜

18、(+)Cu2e-=Cu2+镀锌：ZnSO4电镀液镀件(-)Zn2+2e-=Zn纯锌(+)Zn2e-=Zn2+镀银：AgNO3电镀液镀件(-)Ag+e-=Ag纯银(+)Age-=Ag+镀镍：NiSO4电镀液镀件(-)Ni2+2e-=Ni纯镍(+)Ni2e-=Ni2+3、熔融状态下的电解：2NaCl(熔融)2Na+Cl2(-)2Na+2e-=2Na(+)2Cl-4e-=Cl22Na+2Cl-(熔融)2Na+Cl22Al2O3(熔融)4Al+2O2(-)4Al3+12e=4Al(+)6O2-12e-=3O24Al3+6O2-4Al+3O2NaHF2(熔融)H2+F2(-)2H+2e=H2(+)2F-

19、2e-=F22HFH2+F2盐1、氧化性：(在水溶液中)2FeCl3+Fe=3FeCl22Fe3+Fe=3Fe2+2FeCl3+Cu=2FeCl2+CuCl2(用于雕刻铜线路版)2Fe3+Cu=2Fe2+Cu2+2FeCl3+Zn(少量)=2FeCl2+ZnCl22Fe3+Zn=2Fe2+Zn2+FeCl3+Ag=FeCl2+AgCl2Fe3+Cl-+2Ag=2Fe2+2AgClFe2(SO4)3+2Ag=FeSO4+Ag2SO4(较难反应)Fe(NO3)3+Ag不反应2FeCl3+H2S=2FeCl2+2HCl+S2Fe3+H2S=2Fe2+2H+S2FeCl3+2KI=2FeCl2+2KC

20、l+I22Fe3+2I-=2Fe2+I2FeCl2+Mg=Fe+MgCl2Fe2+Mg=Fe+Mg2+NaNO2+NH4Cl=NaCl+N2+2H2O(实验室制氮气)NH4+NO2-=N2+2H2O2、还原性：2FeCl2+3Cl2=2FeCl3(在水溶液中不需加热)2Fe2+3Cl2=2Fe3+6Cl-3Na2S+8HNO3(稀)=6NaNO3+2NO+3S+4H2O3S2-+8H+2NO3-=2NO+3S+4H2O3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀)=3Na2SO4+2NO+H2O3SO32-+2H+2NO3-=3SO42-+2NO+H2O2Na2SO3+O2=2Na2SO4(Na2SO3在空

21、气中易变质)Na2SO3+SNa2S2O3Na2S+Cl2=2NaCl+S(在水溶液中)S2-+Cl2=2Cl-+S3、与碱性物质的作用：Ca(OH)2+CuSO4=Cu(OH)2+CaSO4(波尔多液)MgCl2+2NH3?H2O=Mg(OH)2+2NH4ClMg2+2NH3?H2O=Mg(OH)2+2NH4+AlCl3+3NH3?H2O=Al(OH)3+3NH4ClAl3+3NH3?H2O=Al(OH)2+3NH4+FeCl3+3NH3?H2O=Fe(OH)3+3NH4ClFe3+3NH3?H2O=Fe(OH)3+3NH4+CuSO4+2NH3?H2O(不足)=Cu(OH)2+(NH4)2

22、SO4Cu2+2NH3?H2O=Cu(OH)2+2NH4+Cu(OH)2+4NH3?H2O=Cu(NH3)4(OH)2+4H2OCu(OH)2+4NH3?H2O=Cu(NH3)42+2OH-+4H2O铜氨溶液CuSO4+4NH3?H2O(足)=Cu(NH3)4SO4+4H2O总方程式Cu2+4NH3?H2O=Cu(NH3)42+4H2O铜氨溶液AgNO3+NH3?H2O=AgOH+NH4NO32AgOH=Ag2O(灰黑色)+H2OAg2O+4NH3?H2O=2Ag(NH3)2+2OH-+3H2O银氨溶液AgNO3+2NH3?H2O=Ag(NH3)2NO3+2H2OAg+2NH3?H2O=Ag(

23、NH3)2+2H2O总方程式ZnSO4+2NH3?H2O(不足)=Zn(OH)2+(NH4)2SO4Zn2+2NH3?H2O=Zn(OH)2+2NH4+Zn(OH)2+4NH3?H2O=Zn(NH3)4(OH)2+4H2OZnSO4+4NH3?H2O(足)=Zn(NH3)4SO4+4H2OZn2+4NH3?H2O=Zn(NH3)42+4H2O总方程式4、与酸性物质的作用：强酸制弱酸|，或不挥发性酸制挥发性酸Na3PO4+2HCl=Na2HPO4+2NaClPO43-+2H+=H2PO4-Na2HPO4+HCl=NaH2PO4+NaClHPO42-+H+=H2PO4-NaH2PO4+HCl=H3

24、PO4+NaClH2PO4-+H+=H3PO4Na2CO3+HCl=NaHCO3+NaClCO32-+H+=HCO3-NaHCO3+HCl=NaCl+H2O+CO2HCO3-+H+=CO2+H2O3Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O=2Al(OH)3+3CO2+6NaCl(物质之间的双水解反应)3CO32-+2Al3+3H2O=2Al(OH)3+3CO23Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O=2Fe(OH)3+3CO2+6NaCl(物质之间的双水解反应)3CO32-+2Fe3+3H2O=2Fe(OH)3+3CO23NaHCO3+AlCl3=Al(OH)3+3CO2(物质之间的双水解反应)3H

25、CO3-+Al3+=2Al(OH)3+3CO23NaHCO3+FeCl3=Fe(OH)3+3CO2(物质之间的双水解反应)3HCO3-+Fe3+=2Fe(OH)3+3CO23Na2S+Al2(SO4)3+6H2O=2Al(OH)3+3H2S(物质之间的双水解反应)3S2-+2Al3+3H2O=2Al(OH)3+3H2S3NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O=4Al(OH)3+3NaCl(物质之间的双水解反应)3AlO2-+Al3+6H2O=4Al(OH)33NaAlO2+FeCl3+6H2O=3Al(OH)3+Fe(OH)3+3NaCl3AlO2-+Fe3+6H2O=3Al(OH)3+Fe(OH

26、)3NaAlO2+NH4Cl+2H2O=Al(OH)3+NH3?H2O+NaClAlO2-+NH4+2H2O=Al(OH)3+NH3?H2ONa2CO3+H2O+CO2=2NaHCO3CO32-+H2O+CO2=2HCO3-Na2CO3+H2O+2SO2=2NaHSO3+CO2(1:2)CO32-+H2O+2SO2=2HSO3-+CO22Na2CO3(足)+H2O+SO2=Na2SO3+2NaHCO3(CO2中的SO2不能用Na2CO3洗气)2CO32-+H2O+SO2=SO32-+2HCO3-(2:1)Na2CO3+SO2=Na2SO3+CO2(1:1)CO32-+SO2=SO32-+CO2

27、NaHCO3+SO2=NaHSO3+CO2(CO2中的SO2可能用NaHCO3洗气)2HCO3-+SO2=2HSO3-+CO22NaHCO3+SO2=Na2SO3+2CO2+H2O2HCO3-+SO2=SO32-+2CO2+H2ONa2SiO3+2HCl=H2SiO3+NaCl或Na2SiO3+2HCl+H2O=H4SiO4+2NaClSiO32-+2H+=H2SiO3或SiO32-+2H+H2O=H4SiO4Na2SiO3+CO2+2H2O=H2SiO3+Na2CO3SiO32-+CO2+2H2O=H4SiO4+CO32-5、盐与盐复分解反应Na2SO4+BaCl2=BaSO4+2NaCl(沉淀不溶于盐酸、硝酸)