大学英语专业材料.docx

1、大学英语专业材料1. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number ofdescendants an individual will have andhence the number of gene copiestransmitted. （难度系数5，下同）译文：那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。 难句类型：倒装、省略 本句的正常语序应当是：That sex ratio which maximizes the number of desce

2、ndnts an individuall will have and hence the number of gene copies transmited will be favored.但是因为主语That sexratio之后的以which引导的修饰它的定语从句，如果按照以上语序，则有头重脚轻之感。所以原文将此长长的从句倒装成谓语will be favored之后。 ?在which引导的从句中，有两处省略：第一处在maximize的第一个宾语the number of descendants that an individuall will have中，an individuall wil

3、l have是修饰descendants的定语从句，但是，因为在从句中作have的宾语，所以引导词that可以省略。第二处省略是在第二个the number of 之前，省略了与前面一样的成分that sex ratio which maximizes. And hence在此表示后面的成分作为前面“最大化一个个体的后代的数目的”结果。 意群训练：That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number ofdescendants an individual will have andhence the number of gene c

4、opiestransmitted. 2. Hardys weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic andrisky ones. （3）译文：哈代的缺陷一方面缘起于他的某种明显的无能，无法控制好那皆不尽相同的创作冲动的穿梭往来；另一方面缘起于他不愿意去培养和维持那些富于生机活力和风险性强的创作冲动

5、。 解释：介词from的宾语有两个并列的部分，由and所连接，在and之后的第二个from前，省略了前面一样的谓语动词derive。本句之所以难，有两个原因，一是derived from 后面的成分太长，初学者难以一下子看下来；二是作为一篇文科文章，用词抽象，难以迅速理解。 意群训练：Hardys weakenss derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and

6、 sustain the energyetic and risky ones.3. Virginia Woolfs provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly beenignored by the critics，since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the poetic novelist concerned

7、with examining statesof reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. （5）译文：弗吉尼亚.伍尔夫（Virginia Woolf）译文：在创作黛洛维夫人（Mrs. Dalloway）时有关其创作意图的这番发人深思的陈述，迄今为止一贯为文学评论家们所忽略，因为它突出反映了她诸多文学兴趣中某一方面，而这一方面则与人们对“诗性”小说家（poetic novelist）所形成的传统见解大相径庭。所谓的“诗性”小说家，所关注的是审视想入非非和白日梦

8、幻的诸般状态，并致力于追寻个体意识的通幽曲径。 难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、抽象词 解释：本句逗号以前只有复杂修饰的长主语有些难，但总的来讲比较好懂，since引导的原因状语从句较难。 A、 since之后的it指前面的statement，highlight的宾语an aspect之后有两个修饰成分，一个是of her literary interests，另一个是以that引导的定语从句that is very different from the traditional picture of the poetic novelist，都是修饰an aspect的。Novelist后面又有由an

9、d 连接的两个介词结构concerned with doing 修饰novelist. B、 句中有两处省略，一是在her literary interests that is very different from当中，修饰interests的定语从句中引导词be that is 一起省略了。第二处在and之后，由于concerned with与前面的concerned with重复，所以concerned被省略。 C、 本句另外一个难懂的地方，就是使用了大量的抽象词。这是文学市评论题材的文章的一个特点。 意群训练：Virginia Woolfs provocative statement

10、about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly beenignored by the critics，since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the poetic novelist concerned with examining statesof reverie and vision and with following the intricate path

11、ways of individual consciousness.4. As she put it in The Common Reader , “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote ; and yet , as we read him , we are absorbing morality at every pore .”（5-）译文：就像她在致普通读者一书中所表达的那样，“

12、尽管可以毫无疑问的说，没有任何法律被指定出来，也没有任何高楼大厦被建立起来是因为乔叟说了什么或者写了什么；然而，当我们读它的书的时候，我们身上每一个毛孔都充满了道德” 抽象词、抽象词组、比喻 这句话不但用了词抽象，还用了比喻的修辞手法。是指没有因为乔叟的言论而产生任何实际的行为规则或政治机构，但我们受其影响之深，以及其影响力之大。As she put it in The Common Reader , “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of

13、 anything Chaucer said or wrote ; and yet , as we read him , we are absorbing morality at every pore .” 5.His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racial prejudice as racially-based negative prejudgments against a group

14、 generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition， can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jewsin medieval Europe. （4+）译文：该社会学家的命题当被应用于针对美国黑人的歧视时，相对而言尚能适用，但他对种族偏见所下的定义-即“以种族为基础的、针对某个群体的消级的先入之见，而该群体在任何特定的种族竞争地

15、区则被普遍认作一种族”-可被理解成同样也襄括了针对加利福尼亚州的中国人以及中世纪的犹太人这样一些种族群体的敌视态度。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词 解释：本句长度惊人，插入部分比较长，再加上不乏抽象词，所以较为难懂，在表示转折的后半个分钟中，长长的插入语as raciallybased negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of thnic competition作为主语his definition of racial prejudice的同位语，使分句

16、中的主谓相隔千山万水。除此之外，本句用词抽象，语义难以理解，对读者的词汇功底要求较高。考试现场如无法读懂，宜用合理化原则中的取非读法，but之前的分句说的是其论点对美国黑人的种族歧视是较为管用，转折后的内容就应该说其理论对华人和犹太人相对无用。 意群训练：His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racial prejudice as racially-based negative prejud

17、gments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition， can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jewsin medieval Europe. 6. Such variations in size， shape，chemistry， conduction speed， excitati

18、on threshold，and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for anypossible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.（5）译文：类似于这些已经被在神经细胞中证明的在大小、形状、化学过程、产生的速度、兴奋阈值及其类似的方面上所发生变化，当他们被用来与大脑的体验以可能的方式联系起来的时候，他们在重要性上仍然是微不足道的。 难免类型：复杂修饰 解释：即使是初练

19、难免的人其实也很熟悉such thing as something这样的语言方式，可是当中间的小东西thing居然变成了一个长达十二个单词的大东西的时候，实在令人搞不清后面的as及其后的something 到底为哪方神圣。再加上以such as 为中心的长主语距离系动词remain太远，更增加了本句的难度。请读者反复阅读，直到读出这样的感觉：顺序阅读原文时，原文似乎就是几大块，就好像是such things as a remain negligible in a certain sense. 意群训练：Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, con

20、duction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been deomnstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifld dimensions of mental experience. 7. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron

21、types ; however , proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences , which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits .(5) 有可能通过其他方法来证明神经元种类间的细微的结构差异；可是，这样的证据是缺乏的，即神经冲动的性质或者状态是受这些差异所影响的，而这些差异看起来却能影响神经网络的发育模式。

22、难免类型：复杂修饰、倒装 解释：与很多人的印象相反，lack从来就不能作形容词，它只有动词或名词的词性。其形容词的形式是lacking,意思是缺乏的、不足的。本句的在however 之前和之后的两个分句，是两个倒装结构，前一个是小倒装，正常语序是：to demonstrate refined structural differences among neuron types by other methods: however后面是个大倒装，lacking之后的that引导的同位语人名是修饰主语proof的，但是因为它太长，所以为了避免头重脚轻，被放到lacking之后，正常的语序应该是proo

23、f that the quality of .was lacking 意群训练：It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmen

24、tal patterning of the neural circuits. 8. Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved，the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view，namely，that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as common currency through

25、out the nervous system. （4） 尽管在神经能量上存在着质的不同，这一点从来都没有在严格的意义上被反对过，但是以上教条通常被抛弃掉，而转向相反的观点，即：神经冲动从根本上本质相同，而且被当作“一种普通流”在整个神经系统中传播。 难句类型：复杂修饰、双重否定 解释：前半个分句中有一个双重否定，was never rigidly disproved,这种表示法用中文说出来还是比较好懂的，原因是我们熟悉中文的这种表示法，但在英文中出现，因为在以前的学习中见得少，所以感觉上很别扭。因此，同学们的任务，就是通过反复阅读此类句子来熟悉这样的英语。其实在英文表达中，很多双重否定与中文表

26、达是一样的，表示肯定；如not unlimited就等于limited。但是值得读者注意的是在GRE和GMAT这两种对考生的逻辑有苛刻要求的考试中，如果这种双重否定中所涉及的概念不是dichotomous(即二分法的词汇，比如上面例子中的limited和unlimited)，则双重否定不一定表示肯定；比如本例中的not disprove, 不能理解为agree， 不反对者中，的确有人会同意，但通常心存疑虑，随大流者居多。不但如此，大双重否定中加上限定词以后，在否定的范围上也有所变化，如本句的be never rigidly disproved，没有完全被反对，不能理解为从来都被严格支持的，而应

27、该理解成从来都可能有人支持的。综上所述，对双重否定的句子，简单的把其置换为肯定，不是最精确的理解。而最好的办法，就是通过多读、多练来熟悉其语言表达及其逻辑方式，按照其字面的表达理解成没有完全否定，然后大脑中反应出其目前的生存状态是一个仍未消失的状态；这种理解才是在考试现场既快速又精确的理解。运用前面所说的用合理化原则中的取非读法，可以很容易的读出作者在后半个分句中想说前面的那种观点被反对了。但是，初学者会对这个分句中的something be abandoned in favor of something else这种语言表达感到突然，如果理解成因为喜后者而抛弃了前者，虽然也能说得通，但是其实

28、原文从来没有这种因果关系，in favor of强调的是这两种动作的同时性；抛弃了前者，而转向后者，namely之后的内容是前面的opposing view的同位语。 意群训练：Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generallyabandoned in favor of the oppsing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in qualit

29、y and are transmitted as common currency throught the nervous system 9. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size，number，arrangement，and interconnection of the nerve cells，but as far as psycho neural correlations were concerned，the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each

30、other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences. （4 -） 尽管其他实验显示在神经细胞的大小、数量、排列和相互连接上有一些小的差异，但是就心理-神经的关系而言，这些感官区域彼此之间的明显的相似性看起来比起微小的差异更为令人注目。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：在前后两个分句之间有一个插入语as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned。在后面的分句中，主语the obvious similarities之后的、修饰主语的成分较长、以至于有很多读者

31、看到相隔很远的more remarkable than时一下子反应不过来是什么比后者更明显。其简化形式应为：similarities seemed more remarkable than differences。 意群训练：Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious

32、similarities of these sensory fileds to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences. 10. Although some experiments show that，as an object becomes familiar，its internalrepresentation becomes more holistic andthe recognition process correspondingly more parallel，the weight of evidenceseems to support the serial hypothesis，at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar. （4+）虽然某些实验表明，随着一个物体变得熟悉起来，其内心再现图像亦更具整体感，辨认过程相应地更趋于平行，但证据的砝码似乎在支持序列假设（serialhypothesis），至少是对于那些不甚简单、不甚熟悉的物体来说。难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略 解释：在Alth