高考细节理解阅读技巧.docx

1、高考细节理解阅读技巧高考阅读1细节理解题Step1 高考英语阅读理解细节题解题技巧点拨高考英语阅读理解部分考查的重点之一是考生对于文章细节信息的捕捉、理解和分析能力。细节题的比重一般为五分之一,换句话说,高考英语阅读理解的五篇文章中,每篇文章都至少设有一道细节题。细节题主要考查考生对文章中阐述主题的细节与具体事实的把握能力,内容涉及询问事实、原因、结果、目的等。细节题属于浅层理解题,难度较低,答案明确具体,考生一般可以从阅读材料中直接找到。因此,解答这类试题时,考生应快速阅读材料,抓住其大意后,迅速浏览考题,选定关键词,然后带着这些关键词,运用查读法,迅速查找相关信息,进而分析这些信息的结构和

2、意义,理清逻辑关系,最后选出正确答案。 仔细研究高考英语真题,我们会发现,细节题主要是针对文章中的某个短语、某个从句或某个完整的句子而设置,其中又以针对句子设题的情况居多。下面我们将结合真题,具体分析细节题的命题思路、解题方法和技巧。 针对定语从句的关系词设题 我们知道,英语中的基本句型的语序大致上是固定不变的,但有些时候,由于表达的需要,某些句子的成分或位置会发生变化,如定语从句中的状语(关系副词)前移等。这种变化往往会令考生感到迷惑,于是命题者就常常利用这种变化设置考题。 例1:Many years ago, when I was fresh out of school and worki

3、ng in Denver, I was driving to my parents home in Missouri for Christmas. I stopped at a gas station (加油站) about 50 miles from Oklahoma City, where I was planning to stop and visit a friend. While I was standing in line at the cash register (收款台), I said hello to an older couple who were also paying

4、 for gas. (2006年全国卷I,B篇) 60. The author planned to stop at Oklahoma City _. A. to visit a friend B. to see his parents C. to pay or the cash register D. to have more gas for his car 例2:Coming in a close secondand often wrongly mentioned as the most distant landis Easter Island, which lies 1,260 mile

5、s east of its nearest neighbor, Pitcairn Island, and 2,300 miles west of South America. The mountainous 64-square-mile island was settled around the 5th century, supposedly by people who were lost at sea. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years giving them plenty

6、 of time to build more than 1,000 huge stone figures called moai, for which the island is most famous. (2003年全国卷,A篇) 57. Which of the following is most famous for moai? A. Tristan da Cunha. B. Pitcairn Island. C. Easter Island. D. St. Helena. 【技巧点拨】解答针对定语从句设置的细节题时,考生一定要认真分析句子结构,联系上下文,弄清楚关系词所指代的对象,准确

7、答题。 针对易产生歧义的句子设题 除针对一些结构上比较特殊的句式设题之外,有些意义上容易令考生产生误解的语句也是命题者关注的重点。例如: In the restaurant There is probably nothing more annoying than a diner receiving or making a call near you when you are in a restaurant. The icy glares you receive should be warning that it is not appreciated. Turn your phone off a

8、nd use your message service to return calls after you leave. (2005年上海春季卷,B篇) 79. According to the passage, the most annoying thing in a restaurant is that _. A. you receive icy glares B. a nearby diner is answering a phone call C. you have to use the message serviceD. you can not return calls until

9、after you leave 英语中有许多难于理解的句子,下面略举几例: (1) 否定转移 They are not working hard at English only for themselves. 他们在努力学习英语,这样做并不仅仅是为了他们自己。 错误表达:They are working hard at English not only for themselves. (2) 全部否定与部分否定 全部否定:All germs are invisible to the naked eyes. 所有细菌都不能被肉眼所见。 部分否定:Not all worms are visible

10、 to the naked eyes. 并不是所有的虫子都能被肉眼所见。 (3) 含有more than / no more . than的句子 The question is more than the boy is able to work out. 这个男孩是没有能力解出这道题的。 A family without love is no more a home than a body without soul is a man. 就像一个没有灵魂的躯体不能称之为人一样,一个没有爱的家庭就不能称之为家。 【技巧点拨】解答此类针对容易产生歧义或难以理解的句子设置的题型时,考生需结合平时积累的

11、基础知识,反复推敲句意,“去伪存真”,判定句子在文中的准确意思之后再解题。 针对上下文或句间的逻辑关系设题 阅读理解文章中,有些句子间虽然没有明显的关联词,但却形成了逻辑上的因果关系、转折关系等,以及含有例证、引用等的句子,这些都可能成为命题人的设题点。 例1: * The left half of the brain controls the right side of the body. The right half controls the left side. * One half of the brain is always dominant (in charge). Usually

12、, the left brain is dominant, which is why 90% of people are right-handed. (2007年江苏卷,D篇) 70. From the passage, we know the reason why around 10% of people are left-handed is that _. A. their frontal lobe is usually dominant B. their temporal lobe is usually dominant C. their right brain is usually d

13、ominant D. their left brain is usually dominant 例2:Jim suffered heart problems. In conversation he expressed little joy and it seemed that his life was drawing to a close. When his heart problems led to operation, Jim went through it successfully, and a full recovery was expected. Within days howeve

14、r, his heart was not beating properly. Jim was rushed back to operation, but nothing was found to explain the cause of his illness. He died on the operating table on the day before his 48th birthday. (2007年四川卷,B篇) 59. Jim was sent back to operation because _. A. his heart didnt work well B. he expec

15、ted a full recovery C. his life was drawing to a close D. the first one wasnt well performed 例3:What will people die of 100 years from now? If you think that is a simple question, you have not been paying attention to the revolution that is taking place in bio-technology (生物技术). With the help of new

16、 medicine, the human body will last a very long time. Death will come mainly from accidents murder and war. Todays leading killers such as heart disease, cancer, and aging itself, will become distant memories. (2007年辽宁卷,A篇) 56. According to the passage, human death is now mainly caused by _. A. dise

17、ases and aging B. accidents and war C. accidents and aging D. heart disease and war 【技巧点拨】阅读理解题不同于单项选择题,句子并不是单独存在的,而是处于特定的语言环境中,与上下文相联系。因此,考生解题时不应拘泥于某个单句,而应“瞻前顾后”,注意整体联系,避免“以偏概全”,准确解题。 综上所述,阅读理解中的细节题主要是针对句子的关系词、长难句的句意或句与句之间的逻辑关系设置题目,考生只要学会分析与题干相关的信息,厘清其所在句子的结构,联系上下文准确理解句子的意思,定能轻松解答细节题。 (2011佛山一中月考题)

18、 In the earliest stages of mans development he had no more need of money than animals have. He was content with very simple forms of shelter, made his own rough tools and weapons and could provide food and clothing for himself and his family from natural materials around him. As he became more civil

19、ized, however, he began to want better shelter, more efficient tools and weapons, and more comfortable and more lasting clothing than could be provided by his own neighborhood or by the work of his own unskilled hands. For these things he had to turn to the skilled people such as smiths, leather wor

20、kers or carpenters. It was then that the question of payment arose. As men became more civilized they _. A. all learnt to make by themselves the things neededB. had to travel a lot to look for what they wantedC. wanted better things than those they themselves could provideD. no longer provided food

21、and clothing for themselves【答案及解析】 C从问题的关键词became more civilized出发，可以定位到文中与之相关的语句：As he became more civilized发现文中用he代替men, 后面的语句however, he began to want better shelter, more efficient tools and weapons, and more comfortable and more lasting clothing than could be provided by his own neighborhood or

22、 by the work of his own unskilled hands 对应选项C，用themselves概括了his own neighborhood和of his own unskilled hands。 细节理解题旨在考查考生对事实细节的理解。这类试题一般只针对文章中某一特定的细节，也可能涉及若干个细节，或者针对文章的主要事实，或利用图形图表或地图来表示信息等。 一、提问方式这类题主要是针对who, what, which, why, how, when, where等来提问的。如：(1)Which of the following statements is true / NO

23、T true / false according to the passage?(2)In the passage, which of the following is mentioned / not mentioned?(3)All the following statements are true EXCEPT _.二、解题技巧1. 高考试题中的细节理解题主要是通过语句的同义或反义转换来考查考生对英语语言的理解能力。解答这类题可用“寻找题眼”，即从问题入手，找到问题中的题眼，有针对性地扫读短文，迅速锁定相关词句或信息点，然后寻找相关的同义或反义表述，围绕主旨深刻理解材料。2. 一般可以在文

24、章中直接或间接找到答案，但是不可能与阅读材料一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型表达相同的意思。但正确选项应当与主旨相关联。3. 如果问题中含有否定意义的词语，如有not, except等，要特别留心，不要理解错了，而选相反的答案。三、干扰选项的特点：1. 是原文信息，但是不是题目要求的内容；2. 符合常识，但不是文章内容；3. 与原句的内容极为相似，只是在程度或范围上有些变动。细节理解题例1 【2008 重庆卷阅读D篇】 Seeing a volcano erupt (喷发) is a wonderful experience, and you can really feel the beat

25、by climbing to the summit(山顶) of Pacaya for a close-up view. There are guided tours every day up this highly active volcano from Antigua. Giving travelers a chance to see Mother Nature at her most powerful.Pacaya is an easy drive from Antigua, a beautiful city with many colorful houses along its old

26、 streets that are turned into art-works during its Holy Week festival. No matter when you come to Antigua, you wont miss the Pacaya-tour companies.But climbing Pacaya is no easy job: it is 2560 metres high, and reaching the summit takes two to three hours of seemingly one-step-forward and two-step-b

27、ack movements. As you climb, you hear the dull sounds of eruptions high above. Steaming. Hot remains from recent eruptions begin to line the path as you near the active summit; the McKenney Cone(火山锥). Just as though you were going to walk over to the edge of the cone, the road turns to the left and

28、up to the relative safety of the old, inactive summit.Many tours are timed so that you arrive at the cone of the volcano in plenty of time for sunset and the full contrast between the erupting red lava(熔岩) and the darkening sky. On a good day the view from the summit is extremely exciting. The activ

29、e mouth boils, sending red lava over its sides, and once in a while shoots hot streams up to 100 metres into the air. There is a strong bad smell in the air even if you take care to be upwind of the cone. As evening turns deeper into the night. the burning lava quietly falls down tae side of the vol

30、cano. For you, too, it is time to get down .69. Antigua is a city .A. where people can enjoy cultural festivals B. where the daring Pacaya tour startsC. that gives a close-up view of Paraya D. that is famous for its tour companies 70. Climbing to the McKenney Cone, people will .A. walk directly to t

31、he active summit B. hear the continuous loud noise from aboveC. make greater efforts than to other summits D. see a path lined with remains of earlier eruptions71. Many tours are timed for people to .A. get down the mountain in time when night fallsB. avoid the smell from the upwind direction of the coneC. enjoy the fantastic eruption against the darkening skyD. appreciate the scenery of the 2560-metre-high mountain例2 【2008 山东卷阅读B篇】Federal regulators Wednesday approved a plan to create a nationwide emergence alert (警报) system using text messages de