公共英语等级考试PETS二级语法资料汇总.docx

1、公共英语等级考试PETS二级语法资料汇总公共英语等级考试PETS二级语法资料汇总（一）词类英语词汇按其在句中的作用大致可分为十类，分属“实义词”和“虚词”两个范畴。1实义词：有一定意义，可独立充当句子成分。其中包括六类词，见下表：范畴词 类英文名缩写在句中的作用例 词实义词名 词Nounsn.主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、补语face dog代 词Pronounspron.主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语any some数 词Numeralsnum.主语、表语、宾语、定语eleven six动 词Verbsv.谓语(非谓语动词可作其他各成分)begin call形容词Adjectivesadj

2、.定语、表语、补语、状语good bad副 词Adverbsadv.表语、补语、状语、后置定语ago so2虚词：不在句中独立充当成分，用来说明词与词，句与句的关系或句子语气等，其中包括四类，见下表：范畴词 类英文句缩 写例 词虚词冠 词Articlesart.a an the介 词Prepositionsprep.at across along to连 词Conjunctionsconj.and but because which感叹词Interjectionsinterj.well hello oh(二)名词1名词的概念和种类：表示人或事物名称的词叫名词。有以下四种：类 别意 义例词专有名

3、词表示人、地方、机构的专有名称Beijing the Great Wall普通名词可数个体名词表示某类人或物中的个体名称student teacher集体名词表示一群人或物的集合体family government不可数物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物water air抽象名词表动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念beauty youth2可数名词：个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算称为可数名词；其单数形式前要有a/an/the或数词one或某些限定词来修饰。两个以上的，单词要变成复数。变化规则如下： 序号构成方法例词1一般在词尾加-sstudentstudents2以ce,se,ze,(d)ge结

4、尾的词加-spagepages3在s,z,F,V,tF后加-eswatchwatches4以辅音字母加o结尾的指人或食物的词加-esheroheroes5以辅音字母加o结尾的外来词或缩写词只加-spianopianos6元音字母加o结尾的词加-sradioradios7辅音字母加y结尾的改y为i再加-esfactoryfactories8词尾为f或fe的改f或fe为v，再加-esknifeknives9有些以f或fe结尾的只加-sbeliefbeliefs10有些单、复数同形sheep fish deer Chinese Japanese3不可数名词：物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目来计算，没

5、有复数形式，也不直接用数词或a/an,one等来修饰。要表示一定数量的“不可数名词”时，用表数量的名词短语来修饰。如：a piece of bread three pieces of newsa drop of water 4名词的所有格：表示名词的“所有”或“从属”关系的形式，主要有“ s ”和“of”两种形式。情况表示法例词或例句名词的所有格有生命的名词一般单数名词情况词尾加-smy fathers hat以“s”结尾的复数名词只加-the students readingroom不以“s”结尾的复数名词加-sthe childrens palace人名以“s”结尾加- 或-sEngels

6、/Engelss works以F,V,z、tF,dV结尾的加-s(读iz)Marxs childhood并列名词各自所有各名词后加-sLilys and Marys rooms并列名词共有最后的名词后加-sLiLy and Marys room无生命的词时间词尾加-(s)todays newspaper距离词尾加-(s)three hoursride地点词尾加-(s)Chinas population金钱价值词尾加-(s)2,000 dollars worth量度词尾加-(s)fifty pounds weight其他用of所有格注意词序the windows of the room三)代词1

7、代词分类表：英语中代词有九类，用来指代名词或上、下文中的词，词组或句子。序号数人 种 称 类单数复数一二三一二三1人称代词主格Iyouhesheitweyouthey宾格meyouhimheritusyouthem2物主代词形容词性myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs3反身代词myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves4指示代词this thatthese those5不定代词指代人somebody, someone,

8、anybody, anyone, nobody, no one, everybody, everyone事物something, anything, nothing, everything指代人或物事one, another, each, every, much, either, neither, little, a littleones, others, the others, both,few, a few, many, severalsome, any, no, all, other, the other, none, a lot(of), such6相互代词each other, on

9、e another, each others,one anothers7疑问代词who(ever), whom(ever), whose(ever), which(ever), what(ever)8连接代词who(ever), whom(ever), whose(ever), which(ever), what(ever)9关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that, as2人称代词用法表：序号作用用法说明例 句1作主语用主格Does he enjoy listening to music?2作表语指主语用主格Was it she who saw the white

10、cat?指宾语用宾格I believe the writer to be him.3作宾语用宾格These books belong to them.注意：（1）代词并列时，排列顺序为“二，三，一”人称，如：“you,he and I”；“him and me”。（2）人称代词常在名词后，但“you”在名词前，如：“you, Tom and I”。（3）其他种类代词在“人称代词”后，如：“he and some others”。（4）口语中，宾格作表语，如：“Its me.”。3物主代词：分 类句法功能例 句形容词性物主代词作定语This is my pen.名词性物主代词作主语、表语、宾语T

11、his bike is hers.注意：名词性物主代词可用于双重所有格中： She is a friend of mine.4.反身代词：序号在句中充当的成分例 句1宾语位于动词后She could dress herself when she was six.位于介词后Take care of yourselves.“宾语+and”后She invited Mike and myself to the party.2表 语He doesnt seem himself today.3同位语主语同位语He himself had to do it/He had to do it himself.

12、宾语同位语You can ask the president himself.4并列主语and之后(Both)Mary and myself will go.or之后(Either)Mary or yourself will go.nor之后(Neither)Mike nor yourself have anything to do with it.注意：（1）反身代词不单独作主语。（2）oneself也是一个反身代词，用法与上面相同。One should not live for oneself alone.5.指示代词：“this,that,these,those”,可作名词用也可作形容词

13、用。见下表：在句中的成分例 句1作名词用作主语This is Smith.2作宾语I like this.3作表语His idea is this.4作形容词用作定语This way,please.6不定代词：序号分类功能用法不定代词例词或例句说明1作形容词定语接可数单数every“每个的”，只作定语every body指三者或三者以上的“每个的”。接可数复数otherother boys接三类名词nono peopleno=not a/any2作名词主语、表语、宾语代单数（人）someone,somebodyanyone,anybodyeveryone,everybodyno one,nob

14、odySomeone is waiting for Jack.Is everyone here?Is there anybody out?someone,somebody 用肯定句中或表建议等的疑问句中；anyone,anybody用于否定条件句或疑问句中。代单数（物）something,anythingnothing,everythingSomething is wrong with my bike.something用于肯定句或表建议等的句子里；anything用于否定句或疑问句中。代复数（人/物）others，the othersShe likes to help others.Wher

15、e are the others?the others其余的人/物。noneNone of us is afraid.指三者或三者以上当中“没一个”。3既可作名词又可作形容词主语、定语、表语、宾语不可数little,a little,muchTheres little time left.little“几乎没有”，表否定。可数复数few,a few,many,several, bothBoth my sisters are good.few“几乎没有”表否定；both只用于两者“两者都”。可数单数one each(二者或三者以上的“每一”) another,either,neitherEach

16、 student has a pencil.either二者之中任一个；neither二者之中没一个。接/代三类名词all,some,any,such,the otherHe has two sons.One is a doctor. The other(one)is a teacher.some用于肯定句或表建议的句中；any用于否定、疑问句或条件句中。可数复数或不可数lots of, a lot of, a lotHe has lots of/a lot of friends.He has a lot to say.注意：（1）both(二者都)和all(三者或以上都)可以作同位语，位于助

17、动词，系动词或情态动词后，行为动词之前。The boys are all in the classroom.Both(of)my brothers like sports.（2）every other+可数名词单数：指“每隔一”。They go to play basketball every other day.（3）no/any/every/some与one/body构成的复合词指人，不用于of前。（4）all/both/every及其复合词与否定词连用时，表部分否定。相应的全否定为none/neither/no one/nobody/nothing等。Not all of us are

18、teachers=All of us are not teachers.None of us are students.（5）“another+数词+名词复数”表示“再来（数词）”。Another two coffees,please.（6）the other+单数可数名词或不可数名词或复数可数名词表示“其余的/所有剩下的”。The other boys are playing on the playground.the other后不接任何词时，指“二者中的另一个。”I have two skirts. One is red. The other is blue and white stri

19、pes.7疑问代词：用来构成特殊疑问句。在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、补语等。在句中成分例句主语Who did it?宾语What are you doing?定语Whose bike is it?补语What do you call it in Japanese?表语Whose is this book?(四)数词1. 数词分类：分类在句中充当的成分例词基数词主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语one, eleven, fifty序数词主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语、状语second, eighth, fortieth2基数词的构成及用法：类型构成方法例词1-12单独的词one, two, t

20、hree, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve13-19在3-9的词尾加上“-teen”thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen20,30,40-90以“-ty”结尾twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety100,1000,1000,000,1000 000 000,百，千，百万，十亿都有具体量词one/a hundred, one/a thou

21、sand,one/a million, one/a billion21-99“几十”和“个位”之间用连字符“-”twenty-three,forty-eight101-999“百位”后“十位”前加“and”826: eight hundred and twenty-six1,000以上先从右向左每三位数加一逗号，从右向左第一个逗号为thousand,第二个为million,第三个为billion,然后每三位为一单位从左向右读。1，234，567，892: one billion, two hundred thirty-four million, five hundred sixty-seven

22、 thousand eight hund red and ninety-two3.序数词的构成：类 型构成特点例词及缩写式one, two, three单独记忆first (1st), second (2nd), third (3rd)fournineteen在基数词尾加-thfifth (5th), ninth (9th), twelfth (12th)-ty结尾的词把yie，在基数词尾加-thtwentieth (20th), fiftieth (50th), fortieth (40th)以19结尾的多位数变个位数为序数词即可twenty-first (21st), ninety-nin

23、th (99th)hundred, thousand, million, billion在基数词尾加-th即可hundredth (100th) thousandth (1,000th) millionth(1,000,000th) billionth (1,000,000,000th)4.序数词的用法：序号用法特点举 例 1前面要加theHes always the first to get to meeting-room.2前面用a/an表“又一，再一”Hed better try a fourth time.五)介词1.介词的概念及分类：介词是一种虚词，不能单独在句中充当成分，要与宾语一

24、起构成介词短语才可在句中充当成分。介词按形式分为简单介词、复合介词、短语介词、特殊介词和双重介词。分类例 词按形式分简单介词at, about, above, after, as, but, by, down, during, except, for, from, in, like, near, off, of, on, opposite, over, past, round, since, through, till, to, under, until, up, besides, between, beyond, with, across, against, along, among, ar

25、ound, before, behind, below, beside复合介词inside, outside, onto, into, toward(s), upon, within, without短语介词along with, together with, according to, ahead of, as for, as to, because of, due to, except for, owing to, out of, up to, by means of, by the side of, by way of, in front of, in spite of, as far

26、as特殊介词concluding, regarding, considering, save双重介词until after, until before, Saturday, except, on duty按功能分空间（地方、位置、方向、范围、界限、包括、排除）about, above, across, after, against, along, among, (a)round, at, before, behind, with, below, beneath, beside, besides, between, upon, save, beyond, but, by, concerning,

27、 down, on, out of, outside, over, past, through, throughout, towards, under, up时间after, before, as, between, by, during, for, from, in, on, over, past, till, until, up to, within, through, throughout原因理由根源（目的，内容等）about, according to, as, because of，due to，owing to，on acount of, from, of, on, with, r

28、egarding, concerning, considering, through, by, under, for2容易混淆的介词：区别讲解例句表时间的介词at, on, inat表示“在几点几分”（单位最小）；on表示“在具体的某一天或某天上午（下午晚上等）”；in表示“在几天、周、月、年”。I get up at six oclock.It happened on a spring morning.There are seven days in a week.in the morning / evening / afternoon；at noon / night / dawn / sunrise / sunset / lunch / dinner / supper, et