专题二定语从句.docx

1、专题二定语从句专题二：定语从句概念： 在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句，叫定语从句(The Attributive Clause)。定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句通常紧跟在先行词的后面。例如：The story that you read is interesting. 你看的那部小说是有趣的。The boy who broke the window is Tom. 打碎窗户的那个男孩是汤姆。They planted the trees which didnt need much water. 他们种植了不需要许多水的树。在上面三个例句中斜体部分都叫定语从句，他们所修饰的词The st

2、ory, The boy, the trees都叫先行词。注：怎样找出句中的定语从句：若定语从句位于句中，则从名词或代词之后到第二个（组）动词之前即为定语从句；若定语从句位于句后，则从名词或代词之后一直到句末即为定语从句。检验方法是：括号之外为完整的句子，那么你找的定语从句就是正确的了。附句子成分分析：定语从句只和三种成分有关：主语，宾语和状语。能正确地识别这三种成分对掌握关系代词和关系副词的用法有很大的帮助，请牢记题例。1 I love (vt) you very much. 主语 宾语 状语2 He runs (vi) quickly. 主语 状语引导定语从句的词叫关系词。包括关系代词wh

3、o, whom, whose, that, which 和关系副词when, where, why。一、关系代词who, whom, whose, that, which的用法1. 当先行词是人，在从句中作主语时，我们用who/that来引导，且不能省略。例如：1) This is the girl who/that helped me.这就是帮助我的那名女孩。2) The man who/that is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.与我父亲握手的那名男子是位警察。2. 当先行词是人，在从句中作宾语时，我们用whom/who/that

4、来引导，可以省略。例如：1) The doctor (whom/who/that) you are looking for is in the room.你正在寻找的那名医生在房间里。2) The boy (whom/who/that) you met yesterday is Tom. 昨天你遇见的那个男孩是汤姆。3. 当先行词是物时，不论其作主语、宾语，我们都用that/which来引导；当其作主语时，不能省略；当其作宾语时，可以省略。例如：1) A plane is a machine that/which can fly. 飞机是一种能飞的机器。2) The noodles (that

5、/which) I cooked were good. 我煮的面条是可口的。4. 当先行词是人或物时，我们用whose来代替his/her/its/their等，即代替相当于汉语中“的”的部分。例如：1) Do you know the man whose name is Mr. Smith? 你认识名叫史密斯的那个男子吗？2) I live in the room whose window faces north. 我住在窗户朝北的房间里。注：若关系代词前有介词时，只能用whom（指人），which（指物），或whose，关系代词可以和介词一起放在先行词和从句之间，这时作宾语的whom, w

6、hich不能省略。即：介词+关系代词（whom/which/whose） 例如：1) The man whom/who/that my teacher is talking with is my father.The man with whom my teacher is talking is my father.与我老师谈话的那名男子是我的父亲。2) The room that/which I live in is good.The room in which I live is good. 我居住的房间是好的。3) The man whose department I once worke

7、d in was Mr. King.The man in whose department I once worked was Mr. King. 那名男子是金先生，以前我在他的部门工作过。但：含有介词的短语动词一般不能拆开，介词仍放在有关动词的后面。 例如：1) Is this the book which /that he is looking for?这是他正在寻找的那本书吗？2) The old man whom the nurses are looking after is very well now.护士们正在照看的那位老人现在身体很好。注：“动词+介词”构成的动词短语在什么样的情

8、况下可以拆开提前，什么样的情况下不可以拆开提前？一般情况下，动词短语拆开介词提前，意思不变的，则可以拆开，如：talk(with)=talk，live(in) =live；动词短语拆开介词提前，意思改变的，则不可以拆开，如：look(for) look，look(after) look。但look at，listen to，depend on等例外，不可以拆开。练习：用关系代词who, whom, whose, that, which填空:1) The earthquake _ hit the city in 1906 was the biggest in American history.2

9、) We dont know the number of people _ lost their homes in the 1906 earthquake.3) The house _ they built in 1987 stayed up in the earthquake.4) A house _ is built on sand may fall down in an earthquake.5) Luckily the people _ I know were not killed in the earthquake.6) People _ study the earthquake t

10、hink that there will be another big one soon.7) Harry is the boy _ mother is our maths teacher.8) Miss White is the teacher _ house caught fire last week.9) The person with _ you just talked is Mr. Li.10) This is the house in _ I was born.11) The boy to _ Tom spoke is my friend.12) The room in _ the

11、y lived is in front of our classroom.13) The map, _ you are looking for, is over there.14) Betty, _ has never been abroad, is studying English very well.15) The woman, _ hair is long, is a doctor.二、关系副词when, where, why的用法：1. 当先行词是表示时间的名词，在从句中作状语时，用when来引导。例如：I still remember the day when I first cam

12、e to Beijing.我仍然记得我第一次来北京的那一天。Well never forget the happy time when we worked on the farm. 我们永远不会忘记我们在农场工作的快乐时光。2. 当先行词是表示地点的名词，在从句中作状语时，用where来引导。例如：This is the house where we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。The factory where his father works is in the west of the city.他父亲工作的那家工厂在城的西部。3. 当先行词是表示原因的名词，在

13、从句中作状语时，用why来引导。例如：There are several reasons why we cant do that. 我们不能够做那件事的原因有几个。He couldnt give the reason why he was late. 他不能够给出他迟到的原因。注：关系副词when, where, why也可以用“介词+which”来表示。其中的介词是根据固定搭配来确定的。I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. I still remember the day on which I first came to

14、 Beijing.This is the house where we lived last year. This is the house in which we lived last year. There are several reasons why we cant do that. There are several reasons for which we cant do that.练习：用关系副词when, where, why及“介词+which”填空。1) I will remember the day _I came here.2) This is the reason _

15、 he was late.3) The house _you were born was sold many years ago.4) The reason _he was late was that he was ill.5) We will never forget the years _we studied together.6) This is the farm _we found the tiger last year.7) I will never forget the day_ _ I joined the League.8) This is the farm_ _ they o

16、nce worked.9) That is the reason_ _he was late.10) The classroom_ _we study is on the second floor.三、怎样把两个句子合并成一个定语从句呢？ 1) A plane is a machine. It can fly.首先找出先行词。所谓先行词就是两个句子中相同的部分。在这两个句子中a machine和It是相同的部分，都指同一样东西。其次确定关系词。 a machine是物，又因it在从句中作主语，所以我们用关系代词which/that。第三步确定主句，去掉多余词。在这两个句子中A plane is

17、 a machine. 应该是主句，It can fly.是从句。所以应该把It去掉换成which/that。即：A plane is a machine which/that can fly.2) The waiter was very friendly and polite. He served us tea.首先找出先行词。 在这两个句子中The waiter和He是相同的部分，都指同一个人。其次确定关系词。 The waiter是人，又因He在从句中作主语，所以我们用关系代词who/that。第三步确定主句，去掉多余词。 在这两个句子中The waiter was very frien

18、dly and polite.应该是主句， He served us tea.是从句。所以应该把He去掉换成who/that。即：The waiter who/that served us tea was very friendly and polite.3) This is the day. I was born on the day.首先找出先行词。 在这两个句子中the day是相同的部分，都指同一个时间。其次确定关系词。 the day是时间，又因on the day在从句中作状语，所以我们用关系副词when。第三步确定主句，去掉多余词。 在这两个句子中This is the day.

19、应该是主句，I was born on the day.是从句。所以应该把on the day去掉换成when。即：This is the day when I was born. 4) Lianyungang is a beautiful city. We live in Lianyungang.首先找出先行词。 在这两个句子中Lianyungang是相同的部分，他们都指同一个地方。其次确定关系词。 Lianyungang是地点，又因in Lianyungang在从句中作状语，所以我们用关系副词where。第三步确定主句，去掉多余词。 在这两个句子中Lianyungang is a beau

20、tiful city.应该是主句，We live in Lianyungang.是从句。所以应该把in Lianyungang去掉换成where。即：Lianyungang, where we live, is a beautiful city.练习：1) This is Tom. He comes from Finland. _.2) The book is on the floor. You are looking for it. _.3) This is Kate. You spoke to her father the other day. _.4) I will never forg

21、et the year. I first came to Yunnan that year. _.5) This was the reason. He was late for the reason. _.6) The classroom is on the second floor. We study in it. _.四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句：1. 限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的成分，如果去掉，主句的意义就不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，写时不可用逗号分开。例如：She found the necklace that she lost two week

22、s ago. 她找到了两周前她丢失的项链。The accident happened on the day when I lost my job. 事故发生在我失业的那一天。2. 非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词作些附加的说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然很清楚。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，一般不用that引导。例如：She heard a loud noise, which grew to a terrible roar.她听到了一个大的声音，接着变成了可怕的轰鸣声。John, who speaks Spanish, works here. 约翰在这儿工作，他讲西班牙语

23、。Flora, whose beautiful hair and dress were all wet, started crying.弗里拉开始哭了，她漂亮的头发和衣服全都湿了。Yunnan, where we live, is very beautiful. 我们所居住的云南很漂亮。练习：1) He works very well, _ makes his boss satisfied. A. that B. which C. who D. as2) That evening, _ I will tell you more about later, I ended up working v

24、ery late.A. that B. which C. what D. when3) When did the young man save you?January 1st, 2000, the first day of the new century, _ I can never forget.A. when B. which C. that D. where4) The letter is from my sister, _ is working in Beijing.A. which B. that C. whom D. who5) Have you seen the film Tit

25、anic, _ leading actor is world famous?A. its B. its C. whose D. which6) I shall never forget the day _ Shen Zhouwas launched, _ has a great effect on my life.A. when; which B. that; which C. which; that D. when; that五、关系代词的选用：1）that的选用：在某些特定的先行词后面，先行词指人或物时，一般只用that，而不用who或which：1. 先行词为基数词、序数词、形容词最高级

26、或被序数词、形容词最高级所修饰时，只能用that。He brought two cats yesterday. Now I can see the two that are playing there.昨天他带来两只猫。现在我能看见那两只猫在那儿玩耍。When we talk about Wuxi, the first that comes into mind is the Tai Lake.当我们谈论无锡时，首先进入脑海的是太湖。This is the best that can be done now. 这是现在能够做的最好的。This is the last book that I ha

27、ve. 这是我拥有的最后一本书。He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一位通过考试的。English is the most difficult subject that Ive learned. 英语是我学过的最难的科目。2. 先行词是all, few, little, much, many, none, the one, something, nothing, everything, anything等代词时，只能用that。（但先行词是everyone, anyone等复合代词时仍使用who.）You should hand i

28、n all that you have. 你应该上交你所有的一切。We havent got much that we can give you. 我们没有可以给你的许多东西。I mean the one that you talked about just now. 我指的是你刚才谈论的那一个。3. 先行词被all, only, any, few, little, some, much, many, no, one of, just the, the very, the right等修饰时，只能用that。The only thing that we can do is to give yo

29、u some money.我能够做的唯一的事情是给你一些钱。This is one of the films that are interesting. 这是其中一部有趣的电影。This is the very book that I am looking for. 这就是我正在寻找的那本书。4. 当先行词既有人又有物时，只能用that。Do you know the things and the persons that they are talking about?你知道他们正在谈论的事情和人吗？5. 主句已有疑问词who或which时，只能用that。Who is the woman t

30、hat is talking with our teacher? 和我们老师谈话的那位妇女是谁？Which is the bike that you lost? 你丢失的自行车是哪一辆？6. 一个句子中指物的先行词有时带两个定语从句，其中一个已用which, 另一个只能用that。Edison built up a factory which made things that had never been seen before.爱迪生建立了一个制造以前从未见过东西的工厂。7. 当先行词在主句中作表语，在从句中也作表语时，只能用that。He is no longer the man that he was ten years a