NP和VP的结构简述.docx

1、NP和VP的结构简述第一章 NP和VP的结构简述1.1句的静态构件前文已提出，任何现代英语简单句的静态结构均如下图所示：sNP VP Det (M) Head (M) (NPa)PronC (Aux) Head (NPi)(NPd)(C)(A)ADiagram (2) 图中符号表示的分句构件：S =简单句 Simple sentenceNP =名词短语 Noun phraseVP =动词短语 Verb phraseDet =限定词 DeterminerM =修饰语 ModifierHead =短语中心词NPa =同位语 AppositivePron =代词 PronounC=分句 Clause

2、Aux =助动词 AuxiliaryNPi =间接宾语 Indirect objectNPd =直接宾语 Direct objectC =补语 ComplementA =状语Adverbial (构成基本句型成分)A=状语Adverbial (非基本句型成分)()=可能发生或谓语动词后可构成句型的选项 =名词短语的实现选项1.2NP的结构成分简述及所在章节提示NP Det (M) Head (M) (NPa) PronCDiagram (3)图(3)表示凡名词短语就有也只有三种实现：NP = Det (M) Head (M) (NPa)=Pron=C1.2.1名词短语的第一实现：NP = De

3、t (M) Head (M) (NPa)Det这一实现是最常见的名词短语，此时限定词 Det是不可或缺的短语构件：a girlone roommy familythis questi onTom problem no city etc.限定词的成员主要源于传统词类中的冠词、 部分代词、数词、量词和名词属 格。限定词的语法属性，限定词与名词中心词搭配情形以及限定词自身的相互关 系共同构成第二章的语法内容；核心限定词冠词的讨论见第三章。(M)名词短语中心词的修饰语(M)分别位于名词中心词前后，又有前位修饰语和 后位修饰语之称。修饰语理论上无限：不同于限定词，修饰语的出现与否和多寡无碍短语的句法地位

4、： a table是完 美无缺的名词短语，然而人们不能接受 delicate well-colored small oakble that is really admirable这样没有限定词的情形！第五章对修饰语进行大致分析，第十三章及第十九章也会继续这一话题。Head名词短语中心词Head为名词。现代英语留存着屈折词素-s和-，因此可确 认的名词语法范畴有二：数 the Number和格the Case；人们大都不赞同性the Gender作为名词范畴的说法，但我们仍会对其语法特征和相关语用表示关注。数的系统语法知识围绕可变名词和不可变名词展开， 内容依序包括：规则可变，不规则本族语，外来

5、语；单数不变名词，复数不变名词和单复数均可的不变 名词。格的系统语法知识表现于属格 Genitive case的形态：-属格，of-属格，双 重属格Double genitive和独立属格Independent genitive属格所表达短语成分 间的各种意义关系：所属，类别，描写，出处，主谓，动宾，同位等。现代英语中还有些许标识性的屈折词素如 -ess但只是局部现象而无规律意义。不过由于代词的缘故，英语名词能分为五类：阳性如 father，阴性如queen,中性如house双性如teacher以及通性如baby。各范畴的具体内容见第四章。(NPa)同位语(NPa)和修饰语一样，是名词短语可能

6、发生的构件。同位语亦为名词 短语或名词性分句：My friend Anna was here last night.(NPa)Mr. Pars on s,the president of the compangave a press conference after(NPa)s sworn never to departthe board meeti ng.The pretty girl, a girl so dear to him that he (NPa)from, is none other than Mr. Brown s daughter. The questi on whether

7、 to confess or nOtoubled the girl.(NPa)The expla nati on that he could not be seen by anybodyas disappo in ti ng.(NPa)同位语的讨论见第二十二章1.2.2名词短语的第二实现：Pron代词Pron为名词短语的第二实现：They say there is going to be a storm.NPSure enough,l ll informhim about it.NP NP NP英语有八类代词：人称代词 Personal Pronoun，物主代词 Possessive Pron

8、oun，指示代词 Demonstrative Pronoun 疑问代词 Interrogative Pronoun， 不定代词 Indefinite Pronoun,相互代词 Reciprocal Pronoun 反身代词 Reflexive Pronoun和关系代词Relative Pronour。代词的主要内容将在第五章讨论。1.2.3名词短语的第三实现：C分句C为名词短语的第三实现：That he will never admit iteaves no room for doubt.NPIt rema ins to be known when he will pay us a visit

9、NPThis is what she has describedNPTo live or not to liveis a questi on.NP NPTaking noteswhile readingis a good habit.NP NP分句实现名词短语是句法内容，第十七章将讨论这一实现的全部情形。1.3VP的结构成分简述及所在章节提示VP 一(Aux) Head (NPi)(NPd)(C)(A)ADiagram (4)1.3.1(Aux)助动词(Aux)属于功能词，封闭词类。无助动词的动词短语为简单动词短 语Simple VP，含助动词的动词短语为复杂动词短语 Complex VP。助

10、动词大致分为三类：基本助动词 Primary auxiliary ；半助动词 Semi-auxiliary 和情态助动词 Modal auxiliary。基本助动词do完成否定、疑问、强调、倒装和替代的句式转换：He didnt do it.Did he do it?He did do it.So did his brother.Yes, hedid基本助动词have实现完成体：He has readthe article several times.基本助动词be实现进行体和被动态：He is sleepinghis mome nt.He was questionedibout the ma

11、tter.半助动词get等实现被动态或表达情态：He got beate n.He seems tdoe sorrowful.He happened tdbe prese nt at the meeti ng.半助动词由于助动功能残缺而得名：He didntgetbeate n.*He got notbeate n.Did he get beate n.* Got he beaten?助动词的合作依序为“情态 一完成一被动一进行”He may have been beinguesti on ed.情态助动词是现代英语语法重大难点之一，第十章将专章讨论。1.3.2Head动词短语中心词Head为

12、实意动词，属开放词类。动词的语法范畴有四： 时态 the Tense 体 the Aspec,语态 the Voice和语气 the Mood。时态表示动词和时间的关系，英语动词有现在时the Present Tens和过去时 the Past Tense两个时态；体是表示行为状态的动词语法范畴，英语由助动词和 分词共同实现进行体the Progressive和完成体the Perfective的意义表达；英语 有主动语态the Active Voice与被动语态the Passive Voiced分，指示主语和谓语 动词之间施动或受动的关系，主要语法内容包括被动语态的形态，语境和语态实 现条

13、件；英语有丰富的语气表达方式，也有两型虚拟动词形式；现代英语只有两 个时态但具备丰富的将来时间表达方式。 这一切将依序分别在第六至第九章中讨论。从形态上认识，英语动词分为 单词动词如find,双词动词如look for，多词 动词如take care of规则动词 如work，不规则动词 如set=双词动词又分介词动词Prepositional verb如depend or和短语动词Phrasal verb如give up其区分意义可见于以下各例的比较：He hasgiven the idea up.*The girl totally dependsher gran dfatheron.He

14、hasgiven it upThe girl dependstotally on him.*He has given up itIt is on her grandfatheithat the girl totally depends* It is up the ideathat he hasgiven.The little girl dependstotally on her gran dfather,not on her gran dmother. *He has given upsmok ing, not up drinking.从语义上认识，英语动词主要分 静态动词Stative ve

15、rb如belong to动态动 词Dynamic verb女口 cry (,短暂性动词 Momentary verb女口 hit,持续性动词 Durative verb 女口 stand(，感官动词 Perceptive verb 女口 see 使役动词 Causative verb 女口 make ( 18.2,1)。从句法上认识，英语动词分 及物动词Transitive verb,如release不及物动 词 Intransitive verb 如 live和系动词 Link verb 女口 be和反身动词 Reflexive verb 如 avail( 5.23a)。及物动词分单及物Mo

16、no-transitive如support双及物Di-transitive如show 和复杂及物 Complex-transitive女口 name三类。它们的句法特征决定 (NPi)(NPd)(C)(A)的选项形成现代英语的全部基本句型：NP+V (intran sitive)Some one waslaughing.NP+V+NP (mono-tra nsitive)My mother enjoysparties.NP+V+NP+NP (di-tra nsitive)Mary gave the visitor a glass of milk.NP+V+NP+C (complex-tra n

17、sitive)Most people considerthese books rather expe nsive.NP+V+(C) (li nk verb)The country becamecompletely in depe ndent.NP+V+(A) (intran sitive)She lived n ext to our house at that time.NP+V+NP+(A)She alwaystreatsme ki ndly. (tra nsitive)1.3.3(NPi)(NPd)(C)(A)A(NPi)间接宾语间接宾语通常为人称代词或名词，位于直接宾语前和双及物动词构成

18、 V(NPi)(NPd)基本句型；直接宾语是代词时，间接宾语在英国英语(BrE)中可见在直接宾 语之后：Give it me间接宾语可转换成介词短语：She sentme a card.She sent cardto meShe left Tom a message.She left a messageor Tomto和for为这种现象最常见的介词，少数其它介词也有此功能：She askedme a favor.She asked a favoof meI bear him no grudge.I bear no grudgeagainst himHe played me an awful t

19、rick.He played an awful trick on me和其它NP不同，(NPi)不可扩大为分句。(NPd)直接宾语直接宾语和单及物动词，双及物动词以及复杂及物动词构成四种基本句型：Bill opened the lette rV(NPd)I Vbund youa nice placeV(NPi) (NPd)He pained the wall blueV(NPd)(C)Joh n put her purse on the TV seV (NPd) (A) 双宾结构中直接宾语可能由介词引导：They robbed him of everythingIt will cure you

20、 of your disease 直接宾语能和不及物动词合作，称同源宾语Cognate objectI dreameda strange dreamThen hesmiledthe mocking smil签he knew so well.The Court ney noddeda nd smiled a friendly greetingHe tha nked God for bringing them together, and asked that they be allowed to live fruitful and useful lives togetherWhy was shet

21、hinkingsuch thoughtsIn stead, she said, “ Whynot? ” S h e smiled an invitation and savored Arista s surprise.Sim one chose that time whe n both mama and her enceinte sister-i n-law were sleepingthe hottesthour of the day away to explore several rooms that were seldom used.He breatheda deep breathThe

22、 girl dieda dreadful deathA: Have you heard hounds bay ing in the ni ght?B: I thi nk you were dreaming them(NPd)的分句扩大见第十七章。(C):补语补语又分主语补语(Cs)和宾语补语(Co)，分别与系动词和复杂及物动词构 成V(Cs)和V (NPd) (Co)基本句型；补语由形容词(短语)，名词，副词(短 语)，介词短语和分句实现：She s gatigry.He got his shoes and sockwetBob is a qualified engineerI n amed

23、the dogTressyTime is up.The angry audie nee shouted the speakdown.Mary was in the garde nFin ally she talked her husba ndnto buying a new car for heMy idea is that we have to accept his offerWhat she enjoys best is*eading Hemingway s worksHis suggesti on isto go swimming this afternoo nWe heard wate

24、rflowing under the groundWe can t let the matterst hereShe had her mon eystole n补语的分句扩大见第十八章。(A):构成句型的状语(A)与不及物动词和复杂及物动词分别构成 V(A)和V(NP)(A)基本句型，： He lives in Beijing.*He lives.Don t take too seriously=/= Don t take it.(A)常为时间，地点和方式状语：He lived long agoShe placed the book carefullyinto the drawerShe tr

25、eated uSike a motherTom stoodwhere she was not able to see himA:不构成句型的状语A由词，短语和分句实现，其存在与否不改变句型：It is fine todayIt is fine.We went to the statio nin a great hurryWe went to the statio n.What would you do if you were the boyWhat would you do?A在句中的位移性很强：The pupils were behav ing well while the teacher

26、was with themnaturally. Naturally, the pupils were behav ing well while the teacher was with them.The pupils, naturally, were behav ing well while the teacher was with them.A的句法功能和语义分类以及分句扩大详见第十一，第十二章和第二十三 早。Exercises:1.Write sevensentencesof your own to show you are familiar with the sevensentence

27、patterns(写出各句型的句子) .2.Are the following two sentences of the same sentence pattern? Come up with your reasoning (以下二句句型是否同一？ 为什么？)Bill will make Mary a good wife.Bill will make Mary a good husba nd.3.Do you think there can be more sub-classifications of the head of VP? Whatare they then (动词短语中心词还可能有

28、次分类吗？) ？4.Tell the grammatical function of the italicized parts of the sentences belo说 出以下句子中斜体部分的语法功能)： He failed to pass the exam in ati on not because he was lazy but because the questions were too difficu lt(2)The car hit the boy runnin gacross the strete(3)Eightee n years later Dr Smith was rel

29、eased? changed man(4)They elected herchairman of the class(5)This is what he told us at the meetin g(6)He asked mewhether it would rain(7)My original question, why he did not go to the teacher for advicphas not bee n an swered.(8)Don t put off un til tomorrowwhat you can do today(9)It is esse ntial

30、thatyou have someone as your compa ny(10)What snow concea|She sun reveals(11)Could you do me a favor?(12)Young as she ,she girl can be trusted.(13)Who do you thinkyou are?(14)Have n t they found io ut yet?(15)I nin terrible need of some money(16)Early reports said all three pla nes used in the attac

31、ks were hijacked,one of them from Boston and one from Washington(17)It is hard to show scie ntifically that TV and films in flue nee the way people think and act(18)In the air war aga inst Saddam, targets are picked to mini mizewhat is called:“ collateral damage ”(19)It was here, in Spri ngfield, where n orth, south, east, and west come together that I was reminded of the essentialdecencyof the A