高考英语一轮复习板块2需要变形的名词数词形容词和副词第1讲名词和数词教学案新人教版.docx

1、高考英语一轮复习板块2需要变形的名词数词形容词和副词第1讲名词和数词教学案新人教版第1讲名词和数词全国卷考情分析题型典题试做命题解读语法填空1(2018全国卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes (cause)2(2018全国卷)This switch

2、 has decreased pollution(pollute) in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.3(2018全国卷)Im a scientist (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.1给出名词提示词，考查名词的数；2不同词性和词形之间的相互变化。短文改错1(2018全国卷)Last winter when I went there again, they had a big sepa

3、rate house to raise dozens of chicken.chickenchickens2(2018全国卷)When I was little, Fridays night was our family game night.FridaysFriday 3(2017全国卷)Besides，they often get some useful informations from the Internet.informationsinformation4(2017全国卷)In the summer holiday following my eighteen birthday, I

4、 took driving lessons.eighteeneighteenth1可数名词单复数的错用；2混淆名词的可数与不可数；3考查序数词和基数词的基本用法。考点一名词的数.单句语法填空1(2019福州四校联考)I have noticed how the music can change ones view, and I am thankful for the way musicians work to the best of their (able) to provide this music for their audience.abilities考查词性转换。根据空前的their可

5、知，空处应用名词形式，且ability作“能力”讲时为可数名词，结合语境可知，应用其复数形式，故填abilities。to the best of ones ability “竭尽全力”。2(2019沈阳质量监测一)China has once again showed its ability to change the world with its “four great new (invent)”highspeed rail, electronic payment, shared bicycle, and online shopping.inventions考查名词和名词的数。前面有fou

6、r great new修饰，故用其对应名词的复数形式，故填inventions。3(2019陕西质量检测一)Like many other (university) at that time, the Harvard at the early stage often ran into financial crisis. The school board often had to go to Europe to raise (donate), but as you can predict, they often came back with their hands empty.universit

7、ies考查名词的复数形式。句意：和当时的其他许多大学一样，早期的哈佛大学经常遭遇金融危机。university为可数名词，此处表示“其他许多大学”，故用其复数形式。donation(s)考查名词。句意：学校董事会经常不得不去欧洲筹集捐款，但正如你所能预测的，他们经常空手而归。根据该句中的及物动词raise可知，空处作此及物动词的宾语，故用名词形式。.单句改错4(2019太原阶段测评)It is one of the official language of the United Nations to develop more effective communication. languagel

8、anguages考查固定用法。“one of可数名词复数”为固定用法，故此处应用名词复数形式。5(2019合肥第一次质量检测)My favourite sport is swimming, so I decided to go swimming in the sea one afternoon with my friend, Wang Fei and Li Lei. friendfriends考查名词单复数。根据该句中的“Wang Fei and Li Lei”可知，作者和两个朋友一起去游泳了。friend为可数名词，故用复数形式。名词按其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。普通名词包括可数名词

9、和不可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数之分， 不可数名词没有单复数之分。一、可数名词的数可数名词都有单数和复数之分。(一)名词复数的规则变化变化规则例词一般情况加smapmaps；girlgirls；househouses；mouthmouths以s，x，sh，ch结尾的加esclassclasses；boxboxes；brushbrushes；matchmatches，但是stomach(胃)的复数是stomachs；ox(公牛)的复数是oxen“辅音字母y”结尾的变y为i加escitycities；countrycountries；partyparties；factoryfactories，注

10、意：以元音字母y结尾的则直接加s，如boyboys；toytoys以o结尾的名词许多加estomatotomatoes；potatopotatoes；heroheroes；NegroNegroes；mangomangoes；volcanovolcanoes；zerozeroes/zeros但是，以下这些以o结尾的名词复数直接加s：radioradios；zoozoos；bamboobamboos；pianopianos；kilokilos；photophotos以f，fe结尾的名词，通常变f或fe为v再加eshalfhalves；leafleaves；shelfshelves；thiefthi

11、eves；wolfwolves；wifewives；lifelives；knifeknives。但是也有的直接加s，如roofroofs；chiefchiefs；handkerchiefhandkerchiefs/handkerchieves合成名词构成复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变成复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变成复数sonsinlaw女婿；passersby过路人；storytellers讲故事的人；gobetweens中介人；grownups成年人(二)名词复数的不规则变化变化情况例词特殊变化childchildren；footfeet；toothteeth；mousem

12、ice；manmen；womanwomen注意：由man或woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是men和women，如an Englishmantwo Englishmen；但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans单复数同形deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese，means集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数people，police，cattle有些名词的单复数有不同的拼写方法细菌bacterium(单数)bacteria(复数)；资料、数据datum(单数)data(复数)；现象phenomenon(单数)phenomena(复数)二、不可数名词不可数

13、名词包括专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词，一般没有单复数之分。1常考的不可数名词advice建议equipment装备experience经验(注：作“经历”讲时可数)exercise锻炼(注：作“练习；体操”讲时可数)fun开心、快乐的事furniture家具news/information/word消息，新闻baggage/luggage行李progress进步practice练习wealth财富，富裕knowledge知识jewelry珠宝change零钱(注：作“变化”讲时为可数名词)2.抽象名词具体化抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常见的和常考的有：单词抽象名词意义具体化

14、名词意义beauty美；美丽美丽的人或事物comfort安慰；慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物success成功成功的人或事failure失败失败的人或事honor荣幸令人荣幸的事情pride骄傲令人骄傲的事情shock震惊令人震惊的事情delight高兴令人高兴的事情surprise惊奇令人惊奇的事情pleasure乐趣令人高兴的事情3.物质名词的复数现象(1)有些物质名词用复数形式表示与原来不同的事物。paper(纸)papers(证件，论文) custom(风俗习惯)customs(海关)arm(胳膊)arms(武器，装备)air(空气)airs(摆架子，装腔作势)(2)有一些物质名词用复数形

15、式，表示由大量该物质组成的事物。sand(沙子)sands(沙滩，沙漠)water(水)waters(水域，水体)time(时间)times(时代)wood(木头，木材)woods(树林)(3)有些物质名词用复数形式表示不同的种类，如food, wine, metal, fish, vegetable等。The wines of France are among the best in the world.法国的酒在世界上是最好的。三、与名词有关的词形转化1名词后缀(t)ion表行为或状态；ment表行为或结果；er/or表人物；ist/ian表专家或从事的人；ice表性质，状态；dom表集体

16、，领域或状态。2名词与形容词之间的转化“名词y”构成形容词。例如：rainrainy；cloudcloudy等。“名词ly”构成形容词。例如：friendfriendly；mothermotherly等。 “名词ish”构成形容词。例如：foolfoolish；childchildish等。“名词en”构成形容词。例如：goldgolden；woodwooden等。考点二名词的固定搭配和所有格.单句语法填空1(2019江西五校第一次联考)In addition, the (hostess) cooking will guarantee you a wonderful chance of tas

17、ting delicious Chinese food.hostess考查名词所有格。这里指女主人的厨艺，应用名词所有格。2(2019河北石家庄二中联考)I would appreciate it if you could take me into (consider). Looking forward to receiving your reply.consideration句意：如果你能考虑我， 我将不胜感激。盼望收到你的回复。介词into后需加名词形式。此处take.into consideration(考虑到)为固定短语。3(2019陕西检测一)What (happy) should

18、we find in reviewing the past，and what regrets?happiness考查词性转换。What修饰名词，所以happy应该变成名词形式。另外，根据“what regrets”也可以判断此处应用名词形式，故用名词happiness。.单句改错4(2019福州质量检测)But with my teammates encouragement, I was able to communicate smoothly with them. teammatesteammates考查名词所有格。分析句子结构可知此处作定语，修饰encouragement，意为“队友的鼓励

19、”，表示人的名词变所有格时，在该名词后加s或，根据上下文可知，这里teammate是可数名词，表示不止一个，因此用复数，故把teammates改为teammates。一、固定搭配名词构成的固定搭配主要有两类：“介词名词”和“动词名词介词”。常考的高频短语：1介词名词with patience耐心地by chance/accident偶然at a loss不知所措in advance提前on purpose故意地beyond recognition无法辨认2动词名词介词have/gain access to可以获得take advantage of利用， 趁之机make use of利用find

20、 fault with挑的错keep pace with与同步put an end to结束take notice of注意到catch sight of看见do damage to损害attach importance to重视take the place of取代， 代替take pride in以自豪take possession of占有make preparations for为做准备make contributions to对做出贡献二、名词的所有格1有生命的名词，其所有格一般在名词后加s。his fathers boss 他爸爸的老板2表示时间、城市、地域、团体、机构等非生命的事

21、物后也可加s表示其所有格。todays paper 今天的报纸Englands shore 英国的海岸the cars design 这辆车的设计We accepted the invitation without a moments hesitation. 我们毫不犹豫的接受了邀请。3在某些习惯用语中，也需要加s所有格。for friendships sake 为了友情at a stones throw 一箭之远at arms length 保持距离；在伸手可及处at ones wits end 黔驴技穷4无生命的名词，借用of表示所属关系。the window of the room 这个

22、房间的窗户5如果一样东西为两个人共有，则只在后一个名词后加s，如果不是共有的则两个名词后都要加s。Jane and Marys mother 简和玛丽的妈妈(共有，暗示简和玛丽是姐妹关系)Janes and Marys mothers 简的妈妈和玛丽的妈妈(不是共有，分别指两位妈妈)6双重所有格：“a/two/some .名词of名词s/名词性物主代词”构成双重所有格，“of名词所有格”中的名词必须表示人，不能表示事物。a friend of her mothers 她妈妈的一个朋友two photos of hers 她的两张照片考点三数词.单句语法填空1(2019滨州二模)40% of t

23、he students in our school (be) from the other parts of Hunan, which (be) a relatively large number.are; is句意：我们学校百分之四十的学生来自湖南的其他地方，这是一个相对较大的数量。分数或百分数作主语时，谓语动词应依据分数或百分数所指代的名词而定，本句第一空40%指代的是the students，故谓语动词应用复数；第二空which指代的是先行词40%本身，故谓语动词应用单数，且句子描述一般事实，应用一般现在时。2(2019运城月考)A survey shows that four hour

24、s of exercise every week (be) good for our health.is“four hours of exercise”被看成一个整体，所以谓语动词用单数。.单句改错3(2019河南周口一模)The population of this city, forty percent of which are Germans, have risen by 15% in the last three years. havehas句意：这个城市40%的人是德国人，其人口在过去的三年里已经增加了15%。population指人口多少，如用作主语，谓语动词用单数形式，且本句描述

25、一般事实，应用一般现在时。1数词的定义数词是表示数目多少或先后顺序的词，有基数词和序数词两种。表数量的数词叫基数词，如one, two, three，.表顺序的数词叫序数词，如first, second, third, fourth, fifth，. 2基数词构成112单独记one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve1319词尾为teen：thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen2090逢整十词尾为

26、ty：twenty, thirty, forty, fifty，.2199在十位数和个位数之间加连字符构成，如：73 seventythree, 88 eightyeight3序数词(1)基数词变为序数词，记忆口诀一二三要单独记：onefirst, two second, three thirdth要从四加起：four fourth, five fifth，.eight少个t：eight eighthnine去掉e：nine ninthve用f来代替：five fifth, twelve twelfthty变成tie：twenty twentieth表第“几十几”，基数加序数记心里：twent

27、yonetwentyfirst(2)序数词的使用序数词在句中主要作定语，一般情况下序数词前要加定冠词。Monday is the second day of a week. 星期一是一周的第二天。序数词前有时加不定冠词，表示“又一、再一”，相当于another。Would you like a second cup of tea? 你还想再来一杯茶吗？I had a fourth apple.我(吃了三个苹果后)又吃了一个苹果。first, second等有时可表示一批人或物。The first milu deer came from China in the 1860s.最早的麋鹿是在十九世

28、纪六十年代来自中国的。有时序数词作状语，不加冠词。He came out first in the contest.他在比赛中获得第一名。first, second等在用来指“冠军、亚军”等获胜名次时也常不加冠词。He is first.他是冠军。 4百分数、分数、小数的构成及用法(1)百分数：基数词加百分号%(percent): 89%eightynine percent(2)分数：分子基数词，分母序数词。分子大于1，分母用复数。1/3: one third，2/5: two fifths易错提醒1one and a half后的名词用复数，谓语动词一般用单数，不过事实上也可用复数。2当hu

29、ndred，thousand，million，billion前面有基数词时，用单数形式，词尾不加s；前面有many, several，a few修饰时，仍用单数形式：several billion years 表示概数时，用ten, hundred, thousand, billion的复数形式加of，后面接复数名词。 thousands of lakes and forests3“许多；很多；大量”的表达在英语中，表示“许多，很多，大量”含义的单词除了many和much以外，还有许多较常用的词组。只接可数名词复数的有several, (a good/great) many, hundreds of, a (large/good/great) number of, numbers of, few, a few, quite a few, not a few等。只接不可数名词的有little, a little, quite a little, an amount of, amounts of(谓语动词用复数形式), a good/great deal of, a large sum of 等。既可接可数名词复数也可接不可数名词的有some, any, all, none, enough, plenty