1、硕士研究生入学考试英语二真题2011年硕士研究生入学考试英语二真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very ano
2、nymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has _1_across the Web.Can privacy be preserved _2_ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly _3_ ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nations cyber-czar, offered the federal government a _4_ to make the Web a safer place-a “vo
3、luntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech _5_ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled _6_ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential _7_ to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The id
4、ea is to _8_ a federation of private online identity systems. User could _9_ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet drivers license _10_ by the government.Go
5、ogle and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to _11_ just once but use many different services._12_ .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a
6、sense of a _13_ community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with _14_ ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure _15_ which the transaction runs”.Still, the administrations
7、 plan has _16_ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would _17_ be a compulsory Internet “drives license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with _18_ by some computer security experts, who
8、 worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet _19_ .They argue that all Internet users should be _20_ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1 A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ri
9、dden2 A.for B.within C.while D.though3 A.careless B.lawless C.pointless D. helpless4 A.reason B.reminder C.compromise D. proposal5 A.information B.interference C.entertainment D.equivalent6 A.by B.into C.from D.over7 A.linked B.directed C.chained D.compared8 A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve9
10、A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize10 A.relcased B.issued C.distributed D.delivered11 A.carry on B.linger on C.set in D.log in12 A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast13 A.trusted B.modernized c.thriving D.competing14 A.caution B.delight C.confidence D.patience15 A.on B.after C.beyond D.a
11、cross16 A.divided B.disappointed C.protected D.united17 A.frequestly B.incidentally C.occasionally D.eventually18 A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm19 A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible20 A.invited B.appointed C.allowed D.forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A
12、 Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachss board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For t
13、he rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldmans compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons h
14、ad left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firms board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief exe
15、cutives proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises. The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and
16、 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the prob
17、ability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them
18、leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time
19、of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside direc
20、tors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for . Againing excessive profitsBfailing to fulfill her dutyCrefusing to make compromisesDleaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside
21、 directors are supposed to be .Agenerous investorsBunbiased executivesCshare price forecastersDindependent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside directors surprise departure, the firm is likely to .Abecome more stableBreport increased earningsCdo less well in
22、 the stock marketDperform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .Amay stay for the attractive offers from the firmBhave often had records of wrongdoings in the firmCare accustomed to stress-free work in the firmDwill decline incentives from the firm25
23、. The authors attitude toward the role of outside directors is .ApermissiveBpositiveCscornfulDcriticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspaper
24、s like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. Americas Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem
25、out of date. In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were
26、 routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the
27、nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further. Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long
28、 been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable. The whirlwind that swept
29、through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But
30、 completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying “Newspapers like their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper .Aneglected the sign of crisisBfailed to get state subsidiesCwere not charitable corporationsDwere in a desperate situation27. Some n
31、ewspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .Areaders threatened to pay lessBnewspapers wanted to reduce costsCjournalists reported little about these areasDsubscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much mor
32、e stable because they .Ahave more sources of revenue Bhave more balanced newsroomsCare less dependent on advertising Dare less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?ADistinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.BCompleteness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.CForeign bureaus play a cruc
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