高中语法30讲 第30讲 强调 语序 倒装 省略.docx

1、高中语法30讲 第30讲 强调 语序 倒装 省略强调、语序、倒装和省略所谓强调，就是指要突出句中的某一个部分，使其显得更加重要。强调句的基本句型是：It is/was+被强调的成分+that/who/whom+其他成分。倒装也是强调的手段之一。省略是为了避免重复或是由于习惯而省略句子中的一个或几个句子成分。本章将从强调句的基本句型讲起，之后对语序做分类讲解，包括定语的语序和状语的语序，然后对倒装做全面的分析，最后讲解英语中关于省略的重要用法。典型例句：1.It was in London that I met Ann.（强调）我是在伦敦遇到安的。2.Do you like these anim

2、als?（倒装）你喜欢这些动物吗？3.（I am）Glad to see you.（省略）很高兴见到你。一、强调1.强调句的基本句型1.用下面的句型来强调某个词或某个短语句型：It is/was+被强调的成分+that/who/whom+其他成分They will have a meeting in this office tomorrow.他们明天要在这个办公室开个会。It is they who/that will have a meeting in this office tomorrow.（强调主语）就是他们（而不是别人），明天要在这个办公室开个会。It is a meeting th

3、at they will have in this office tomorrow.（强调宾语）他们明天要在这个办公室开个会（而不是做别的）。It is tomorrow that they will have a meeting in this office.（强调时间状语）It is in this office that they will have a meeting tomorrow.（强调地点状语）就在这个办公室（而不是其他地方），他们明天要开个会。2.使用强调句型的注意事项强调句中常强调主语、宾语（包括介词宾语）、状语，可以强调单个的词、短语和从句。it本身没有词义。强调句中的连

4、接词一般只用who，whom（指代人）和that（可指代物，也可指代人），即使在强调时间状语从句和地点状语从句时也如此。that或who，whom之后动词的人称和数要与它前面被强调的名词或代词一致（即人称和数要与原句中的一致），且不可以省略。强调句的时态只有两种：一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时，用It was.，其余的时态用It is.。It was Joe whom he waited for last night.他昨晚等的人是乔。Was it in Shanghai that he used to live?他曾经在上海住过，是吗？When wa

5、s it that the Long March started?长征是什么时候开始的？3.强调词it和形式主语it的判别可用恢复原句的方式来判别，即把It is/was.that.取消后，如果剩下的词仍能组成一个完整的句子，那么这就是强调句型，否则就不是。Its in that very seat that the teacher sat down.老师坐的就是那个座位。去掉It was.that.就变成：（正）In that very seat the teacher sat down.It is clear that not all boys like football.很明显，不是所有

6、的男孩都喜欢踢足球。去掉It is.that.就变成：（误）Clear not all boys like football.说明：中去掉It was.that.后仍是完整的句子，由此可判断它是强调句，强调的是地点状语in that very seart。中去掉It is.that.后不是完整的句子，因此它不是强调句，it是形式主语。2.not.until.句型的强调句1.基本用法句型：It is/was not until+被强调部分+that+其他成分My boyfriend didnt start to work until/till ten oclock.我男朋友直到10点才开始工作。

7、It was not until ten oclock that my boyfriend started to work.（强调句）注意：此句型只用until，不能用till，但如果这句不是强调句型，则till和until可以通用。Regular radio broadcasts didnt begin until/till 1920.直到1920年，收音机才开始普遍使用。（在1920年以前，收音机使用不普遍。）It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcasts began.（强调句）I didnt realize she was a fa

8、mous film star until/till she took off her dark glasses.直到这位大电影明星把她的墨镜摘下来，我才认出她来。It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.（强调句）注意：因为句型It is/was not.已经是否定句了，所以that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句。2.与倒装句的转换原句：I didnt notice it until/till yesterday.直到昨天我才注意到这件事。强调句：It

9、 was not until yesterday that I notice it.倒装句：Not until yesterday did I notice it.原句：I didnt phone the office until/till Wednesday.直到星期三我才给办公室打去电话。强调句：It was not until Wednesday that I phoned the office.倒装句：Not until Wednesday did I phone the office.原句：The bus will not go until/till all the people g

10、et on it.直到所有的人都上车，车才开走。强调句：It is not until all the people get on it that the bus will go.倒装句：Not until all the people get on it will the bus go.=Only when all the people get on it will the bus go.3.谓语动词的强调It is/was.that.结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语，要用助动词do，does或did。请同学们仔细看下面的几个例句。Do sit down.（务必）请坐。He does wo

11、rk hard.他学习确实努力。He did remember writing to you last week.他确实记得上周给你写了信。The letter I was expecting did arrive yesterday.我一直期待的那封信昨天终于到了。重要：此种强调句只用do，does和did，没有别的形式。过去时用did，后面的谓语动词用原形。二、语序在英语中，句子的一般语序为“主语+谓语+宾语”，此语序与汉语基本相同，但是定语和状语在句子中的位置，英语和汉语略有差异，本节内容即对此做详细说明。1.定语的语序1.当定语是形容词或动词-ing形式时当定语是形容词或动词-ing形

12、式时，在英语中多将定语放在所修饰词的前面，与汉语相同。He is a naughty boy.（形容词作定语）他是个淘气的男孩。I need some listening material.（动词-ing形式作定语）我需要一些听力资料。2.当定语是短语或定语从句时当定语是短语（介词短语、分词短语、不定式短语）或定语从句时，放在所修饰词的后面。The students in the room are from Asia.（介词短语作定语）房间里的学生们来自亚洲。The young man who is having his lunch is my boyfriend.（定语从句作定语）正在吃午饭

13、的那个年轻人是我的男朋友。3.当定语是副词或某些动词的过去分词时当定语是副词或某些动词的过去分词时放在所修饰词的后面。The women here are for you.（副词作定语）这儿的女士们都支持你。I like the books written by him.（过去分词作定语）我喜欢他写的书。2.状语的语序在句子中如果同时有时间状语和地点状语，先地点后时间：地点状语时间状语。这和汉语中的状语的语序不同，汉语是先时间后地点。The 28th Olympic Games were held in Athens in 2004.第28届奥运会于2004年在雅典举行。There was a

14、 spring rain in Shanghai last night.昨夜，上海下了一场春雨。I stayed there for three weeks last year.去年我在那里呆了3个星期。三、倒装主语和谓语的顺序分为两种：自然语序主语+谓语；倒装语序谓语+主语1.倒装的类别我们通常使用的是自然语序，即“主语在前，谓语在后”。但有时会将谓语的全部或一部分提到主语的前面，即采用倒装语序。倒装的原因，或者是语法结构的需要，或者是为了强调。倒装语序又分为部分倒装和全部倒装两种。下面我们将分别进行讲解。1.部分倒装部分倒装是谓语中的一部分（如情态动词、助动词或系动词be）放在主语前面，其

15、余部分仍在主语后面。Only in this way can we work out the physics problem.（情态动词）只有用这种方法，我们才能解出这道物理题来。Never had he had any experience like that.（助动词）他从来没经历过那样的事。Not only is he a singer,but (also) he is a dancer.（系动词be）他不仅是一位歌唱家，而且还是一位舞蹈家。2.全部倒装全部倒装是句子中没有情态动词、助动词或系动词be时，要把谓语动词放在主语的前面。Here comes the bus.公共汽车来了。Up

16、 went the arrow into the sky.箭嗖地一下射上了天。The door opened and out rushed the children.门一开，孩子们冲了出来。例外：这时若主语是人称代词，则主谓不倒装。Here he comes.他来了。Away they went.他们离开了。Here you are.给你。Here we are.我们到了。2.倒装的用法在英语中，倒装从形式上分为部分倒装和全部倒装，我们为了便于理解和使用，还可以把它分为语法性倒装和修辞性倒装。语法性倒装是由于语法上的需要而必须倒装的句子；修辞性倒装，顾名思义，如果不是特意加以强调，可以不必倒装

17、。1.语法性倒装A.各种疑问句的倒装Are you doing your homework now?你正在做你的家庭作业吗？Which colour do you like best?你最喜欢什么颜色？注意：主语若是由一个疑问词表示的或修饰的，语序不变。A:Who did it?谁做的这件事？B:Li Ming did it.李明做的。（疑问词who是主语，语序不变，仍为“主语who+谓语did”。）How many students in your school joined the army?你们学校有多少名学生参军了？（主语students由how many修饰，语序不变。）B.ther

18、e be句型中的倒装在此句型中，无论是在陈述句中还是疑问句中，主语总是在谓语之后。There were no schools or hospitals there before以前那里既没有学校，也没有医院。Is there any milk in the bottle?瓶子里有牛奶吗？说明：在此句型中，there是引导词，真正的主语在be动词之后。上例中的schools or hospitals和milk是句子真正的主语。C.直接引语中的倒装直接引语的一部分或全部放在句首时，它的主语（说话人）和谓语（引述动词）常要倒装。当主语是代词或谓语含有助动词时，一般不倒装。如果谓语比主语长，或是它后面

19、有宾语时，一般也不倒装。“Will you please carry it for me?”said the old man.“劳驾，请帮我搬一下好吗？”老人说。“Please do me a favour,”he said.“请帮我个忙。”他说。（主语是代词时不倒装）“I am hungry,”the little girl had said.“我饿了。”小女孩说。“I cant understand you,please repeat it again,”Tom said to the stranger.“我没明白你的意思，请您再重复一下。”汤姆对那个陌生人说。D.省略if的虚拟语气条件句

20、中的倒装if引导的虚拟语气条件句中如果含有助动词were，should或had时，可以使用倒装。句型：Were/Should/Had+主语+=If+主语+were/should/had+当if省略时，助动词were，should和had要倒装到主语之前；而当if不省略时，主语和助动词要用正常语序。Were I to solve this problem,I should do it in a different way.=If I were to solve this problem,I should do it in a different way.要是我来解决这个问题，我要用一种不同的方法

21、。Should Joe come,I would let you know at once.=If Joe should come,I would let you know at once.乔要是过来，我会立刻告知你。Had you my troubles,you would despair.=If you had my troubles,you would despair.如果你遭遇到我的困难，你会绝望的。E.so，nor和neither用于句首时的倒装so，nor和neither置于句首，用于说明前一句中谓语表示的情况也适用于另一个（些）人或物时，句子要倒装。含义用法倒装句型so也用于肯定

22、句So+be/have/助动词或情态动词+主语neither/nor也不，也没有用于否定句Neither/Nor+be/have/助动词或情态动词+主语A:I have had my breakfast.我吃过早餐了。B:So have I.我也吃过了。注意：倒装句中的助动词、情态动词、系动词be等要和前一句中的保持一致。A:Li Ming can speak three languages.李明会说3种语言。B:So can I.我也会（3种）。A:Will you go to the cinema this weekend?这个周末你去看电影吗？B:No,and neither will

23、John.不去，约翰也不去。After that we never saw her again,nor did we hear from her.从那以后，我们就再也没看到她，也没收到她的信。F.as引导的让步状语从句的倒装句型：形容词+as+主语+系动词beStrong as Joe is,he cannot lift the weight.=Although/Though Joe is strong,he cannot lift the weight.=Joe is strong,but he cannot lift the weight.虽然乔很强壮，但他也没能举起这个重物。Angry

24、as my father was,he didnt blame me.=Although my father was angry,he didnt blame me.尽管父亲很生气，但他没有责怪我。Hard as steel is,it will bend or break under the action of a strong force.钢虽然很硬，但在强力作用下也会弯曲或断裂。句型：名词（不带冠词）+as+主语+系动词beChild as he is,he knows a lot of things.=Although/Though he is a child,he knows a l

25、ot of things.=He is a child,but he knows a lot of things.虽然他是个孩子，可是他知道很多事。Scientist as she is,she wants to learn more.=Although she is a scientist,she wants to learn more.虽然她已经是科学家了，她还是想学更多的东西。注意：此倒装句型中，句首的名词前不用冠词。句型：副词+as+主语+行为动词Much as I like it,I wont buy it.=Although/Though I like it much,I wont

26、 buy it.=I like it much,but I wont buy it.虽然我很喜欢它，但我还是不会买它。Fast as you run,you cant catch up with him.尽管你跑得很快，你还是赶不上他。句型：行为动词+as+主语+助动词Try as she does,she never seems able to succeed.=Although she tries,she never seems able to succeed.=She tries but she never seems able to succeed.无论她怎样努力，她似乎都不能成功。S

27、earch as they would,they could find no sign of the boy.无论他们怎么寻找，也未能发现那个男孩的踪影。2.修辞性倒装除了语法性倒装之外，有些倒装是由于修辞的原因而采用的，叫做修辞性倒装。A.否定词放在句首时的倒装句型：否定词+be动词/助动词+主语常见的放在句首的否定词by no means绝不never从不in no case绝不no sooner.(than)一就in no way绝不not不，没有on no consideration绝不not a bit一点也不under no circumstances绝不not only.but

28、also.不但而且barely简直没有not.until.直到才hardly几乎不rarely很少scarcely几乎不seldom很少little几乎没有；一点也不few没有多少By no means is translation easy.=Translation is by no means easy.翻译绝不是一件简单的事。Barely does he have enough money to live on.=He barely has enough money to live on.他没有足够的钱为生。Little did I think that I would lose the

29、 game.补充：little置于know，think，imagine，guess，dream，expect等有关思考意思的动词前面时，相当于not at all，译为“一点也不”。=I didnt think at all that I would lose the game.我根本没想到我会输掉这场比赛。Never did I dream of seeing him in America.（强调没想到）=I never dreamed of seeing him in America.（语气平淡）我真没想到会在美国见到他。在上面表格所列的否定词中，有几个词是强调两个动作的紧密相接的。a.h

30、ardly.when.（一就）Hardly had the result been announced when the crowd applauded.结果刚一宣布，人们就欢呼起来。b.scarcely.when.（一就）Scarcely had I reached the station when the train started.=The train started as soon as I reached the station.我刚到车站，火车就开了。c.no sooner.than.（一就）No sooner had he arrived than we wanted to le

31、ave.=We wanted to leave as soon as he arrived.他刚到我们就要离开。d.not only.but also.（不但而且）Not only did I make a promise,but I also kept it.补充：not only.but also.如果连接两个句子，则第一个句子要倒装，第二个句子不需要倒装。not only.but also.如果连接主语，句子不倒装。Not only I (am invited) but also Ann is invited.不但我而且安也被邀请了。=I not only made a promise,but (also) I kept it.我不但许下诺言，也遵守了诺言。