大学英语四级考试模拟试题.docx

1、大学英语四级考试模拟试题大学英语四级考试模拟试题(四)Part I Writing (30minutes) Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic TOEFL Internet-Based Test. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:1. 托福考试改为网考；2. 网考的利与弊。 Part II Reading Comprehens

2、ion(Skimming and Scanning)(15minutes)Directions:In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions. For questions 1-7, mark Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage. N(for NO) if the statement contradicts the informatio

3、n given in the passage. NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage. For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.The climate problem can by and large be solved if the eight to ten largest countries in the world can agree on effective cli

4、mate measures, says Professor Jon Hovi.One of the themes at a recent climate conference arranged by the Norwegian research program RENERGI was how we can achieve an effective international climate agreement. Professor of political science Jon Hovi at the University of Oslo and CICERO has studied thi

5、s topic for years. He argues that although the international community faces many obstacles in dealing with the climate problem, solutions are possible.Continue the Kyoto Process?Hovi doubts whether an agreement that would basically extend the Kyoto Protocol for another commitment period is the way

6、to go to achieve more effective climate cooperation.The Kyoto Protocol has been described as a cautious first step, one that will make it possible for others to join in later. But key countries like the United States have little interest in joining an international climate agreement based on the Kyo

7、to Protocol, says Hovi.One suggestion for increasing the interest for other countries to join the climate cooperation is to link the climate issue to other areas of international cooperation, such as technology, trade, or development assistance. But Hovi does not believe that such issue linkage will

8、 be reliable. For example, it is not in the best interests of the Kyoto countries to undermine the World Trade Organization (WTO) by introducing trade restrictions against countries that do not participate in Kyoto such as the United States. Moreover, the WTOs nondiscrimination principles make it di

9、fficult to introduce trade restrictions against the United States and Australia but not against developing countries, which also do not have binding emissions targets.Besides, history shows that this kind of pressure rarely works on a superpower such as the United States, says Hovi. Another obstacle

10、 is that developing countries protect their own economic development. They will not accept binding emissions targets until the United States also reduces its own greenhouse gas emissions. At the same time, the United States is unwilling to endanger the competitiveness of its own business and industr

11、y, and thus does not wish to participate in an international agreement that does not also include the developing countries. To overcome this particular obstacle, we should focus on climate measures that do not threaten economic development, advises Hovi.The United States is also doubtful about the U

12、N system, and Hovi believes that an alternative international climate agreement should not necessarily be put together within the UN framework, as the Kyoto Protocol is.Point of Departure in American Climate Policy?Hovi believes that in the long run, a way to reengage the United States might be to b

13、ase a future climate agreement on federal U.S. climate policy.The United States is often more willing to cooperate when it already has a national policy in place. For example, Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer in many ways represented an international extension of a regula

14、tory framework that already existed in the United States. Thus U.S. business and industry acted as a pusher in the effort to build an international agreement.But the problem with this policy is that there currently is no similar U.S. climate policy at the federal level. Whatever policy exists is fra

15、gmented and formative at best.The Kyoto targets are costly to meet. Kyoto thus depends on effective enforcement. The enforcement mechanism that was introduced through the Marrakesh Accords is primarily based on a system whereby countries that do not meet their targets during the first commitment per

16、iod are sanctioned by having to reduce even more during the second period. The problem is that there is nothing to stop a nonobedient country from putting off this additional emissions reduction perhaps indefinitely. In addition, innocent third parties suffer when the sanctions are carried out. As a

17、 potential buyer of emissions permits and a major exporter of fossil fuels, Norway will be particularly hard hit, because carrying out the punishment will cause the price of fossil fuel to go down and the price of emissions permits to go up. Finally, whereas the compliance system will punish a count

18、ry that is a member and reduces emissions, but fails to reach its emissions target, it provides no basis for punishing a country that declines to be a member and does nothing to reduce its emissions. Thus, the compliance system is arguably unfair. Hovi thinks that internationally it is politically d

19、ifficult to achieve an effective enforcement mechanism. For this reason, it may be a good idea to focus on an agreement that does not need enforcement.An Agreement that Everyone Wants to Be Part of? Many of the proposed alternatives to the Kyoto Protocol resemble Kyoto in that they require enforceme

20、nt. For example, this is true for regional climate agreements, an agreement based on emissions intensity targets, and an agreement based on harmonized carbon taxes. One type of agreement that does not depend on enforcement is an agreement where the parties commit to using emissions- reducing technol

21、ogy. Supplemented with agreements on technology development and transfer, an agreement on the use of emissions-reducing technology can set consistent technology standards in a way that makes it in the best interest of all countries to participate. Assuming that network externalities exist that is, t

22、he costs or benefits depend on whether or not other countries also choose the same technology then each country will want to use the same technology as the other countries. In short, the more countries that use a certain technology, the more attractive it will be for others to switch to this technol

23、ogy. An agreement can enable many, or even all, countries to switch to more climate-friendly technology simultaneously.1. The US Government recently held a climate conference with a theme of how an effective international climate agreement could be achieved. 2. The United States has great interest i

24、n joining an international climate agreement based on the Kyoto Protocol.3. Developing countries wont accept binding emissions targets until the United States reduces its greenhouse gas emissions. 4. The United States is doubtful about the UN system.5. It is believed that developing countries will b

25、enefit most from the Kyoto Protocol. 6. The Kyoto Protocol depends on effective enforcement because of the high costs to meet its targets. 7. Internationally, it is politically difficult to achieve an effective enforcement mechanism. 8. The United States _ when it already has a national policy in pl

26、ace. 9. Many of the proposed alternatives to the Kyoto Protocol resemble Kyoto _.10. The more countries that _, the more attractive it will be for others to switch to this technology.Part III Listening Comprehension(Reading in Depth)(35minutes)Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear 8 sho

27、rt conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choice smarked A)

28、, B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer.11. A) At 9:15. B) At 8:45. C) At 9:00. D) At 8:15.12. A) A new dress. B) A new department store.C) A new car. D) A new house.13. A) In a doctors office.B) In a shoe shop.C) In an office.D) In a hotel.14. A) Its not as good as it used to be.B) Its

29、 better than it used to be.C) Its very bad now.D) Its even worse than what people say.15. A) He will find a part-time job.B) He wont find a part-time job.C) He has a lot of pocket money.D) He doesnt want to make money.16. A) In the hospital.B) In the theatre. C) On the bus.D) On the taxi.17. A) He d

30、idnt know there would be heavy snow. B) He didnt know there would be so many cats and dogs in the street.C) He didnt think it would rain so heavily.D) He knew there would be a lot of cats and dogs in the street.18. A) She didnt want to move.B) She didnt mind moving.C) She didnt reply directly.D) She

31、 didnt understand what the man said.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. A) A villa.B) An apartment. C) A hotel.D) A local family.20. A) About 14 days. B) About 5 days. C) About 4 days.D) About 3 days.21. A) In July.B) In June. C) In May.D) In April.22. A) Think o

32、ver the price.B) Think about the place.C) Discuss with her friends.D) Ask for another travel agency.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.23. A) Send him the information on after-sales service.B) Send him the booklet about the newest computers.C) Send him a list of software product