非谓语动词好.docx

1、非谓语动词好非谓语动词总结第一节 概述英语中动词有谓语和非谓语之分。谓语动词在人称和数上要与主语保持一致，而非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化。非谓语动词主要包括：动词不定式，动词的ing形式和过去分词三种。学非谓语动词必须要了解它们的形式和在句子中的功能，请看下面两个表格：1.非谓语动词的时态和语态形式（以动词do为例）：动词不定式动词的ing形式过去分词一般式主动to dodoing动词的过去分词只有一种形式即done。及物动词的过去分词常表示被动和完成，而个别动词（多数是不及物动词）表示完成。被动to be donebeing done完成式主动to have donehaving done被

2、动to have been done having been done进行式to be doing 完成进行式to have been doing2. 非谓语动词在：句子中的功能主语宾语表语定语补语状语同位语不定式ing形式过去分词第二节 非谓语动词的时态和语态一 动词不定式的时态：不定式的一般式通常表示不定式动作发生在谓语动词之后或与谓语动词同时发生；不定式的进行式（通常用于动态延续性动词）表示不定式动作与谓语动作同步发生；不定式的完成式通常表示不定式动作先于谓语动词而发生或表示一个实际未发生的动作；不定式的完成进行式往往强调不定式动作在谓语动词之前一直在进行。例如：1. When I sp

3、oke to him, he pretended _(look) for something here and there.2. He looked tired. He seemed _(work) all night.3. Charles Babbage is generally considered _(invent) the first computer.4. I would love _ (go) to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.5. He ordered the man

4、_ (go) there at once.二 动词不定式的语态：一般情况下，在一个含有不定式的句子中，如果有不定式的逻辑主语（即不定式动作的执行者）该不定式常用主动形式；如果出现的是不定式的逻辑宾语（即不定式动作的承受者），该不定式常用被动形式。但是，下面几种结构却常用主动表示被动：(1).在easy, difficult, hard, heavy, light, fit, nice, comfortable等表示性质特征的形容词之后的不定式或用这些词修饰一个名词后跟的不定式常用主动表示被动；(2).少数动词如blame(责备), let(出租)等的不定式作表语时常用主动表示被动。6. Thi

5、s sentence is easy _ (understand).7. I cant go out with you today, as I have a lot of clothes_ (wash).8. “Have you any clothes _ (wash) today?” asked the maid (女佣).9.Our school is a nice place _ (visit).10. I found the chair comfortable _ (sit) in.11. I think the question difficult _ (answer).12. It

6、s I who am _ (blame).13. The officer ordered the soldiers _ (fire) the guns.14. The officer ordered the guns _ (fire).三._ing形式的时态: _ing形式的一般式通常表示该动作与谓语动词同时发生或发生在谓语之后；完成式则表示动作先于谓语动词而发生。如：15. _ (Walk) through the park, I saw some lovely flowers.16. He was praised for _ (teach) for 60 years.17. I heard

7、 him _ (sing) when I passed his room.18. _ (Finish) the work, he went home.19. He insisted on _ (join) the army.四._ing形式的语态： 一般情况下，需要找准ing动词的逻辑主语，若它们之间是主谓关系，ing动词常用主动；若它们之间是动宾关系，ing动词就要用被动。但在动词need, want, require,及形容词worth之后的ing必须用主动表示被动。如：20. He wont come without _ (invite).21. The flowers in the g

8、arden need _ (water).22. Thank you for _ (give) us so much help.23. The building _ (build) now will be a hospital.24. _ (give) such a good chance, how could she let it slip?25. The book is well worth _ (read).第三节 非谓语动词的用法比较一、作主语 动词不定式和动词的_ing形式都可以在句子中作主语。（1）、一般来说，不定式作主语时，通常表示一次性的、特指的、具体的或将来的动作；而_ing

9、形式作主语时，通常表示一个经常性的、泛指的、或不具体的动作。如：26. _ (refuse) him is not easy this time.27. _ (walk) is a good form of exercise for both the young and old.28. _ (teach) English is my job.29. _ (be) a teacher is her greatest wish in the future. （2）、当句子的主语和表语都是非谓语动词时，两者在形式上一般保持一致；比较状语从句中的主语形式通常也取决于主句里的主语形式。如：30. _ (

10、see) is to believe.=_ (see) is believing.31. _ (say) is easier than to do.32. _ (speak) a foreign language is more difficult than reading it. （3）、在日常英语中，为了句子结构的平衡，常用it作形式主语而将不定式或ing放在句末这时候要注意下面的习惯句型：It + be + 形容词或名词+ (for / of sb.) + to do sth.It + take + sb. +some time / sth. + to do sth.It + be +

11、no use / no good / useless / a waste of sth. / worth + doing sth.There + be + no + doing sth. (做某事是不行或不可能的)33. It was foolish of you _ (give) up what you rightly owned.34. There is no _ (hold) back the wheel of history.35. I think its no good _ (argue) with your parents.二、作宾语 动词不定式和动词的_ing形式都可以在句子中作

12、宾语。 （1）、有些及物动词后只能接动词不定式作宾语，不能接ing形式，常见的有：hope, wish, expect, decide, promise, offer, agree, manage, pretend, plan, refuse, fail 等等。 （2）、有些及物动词后只能接动词的_ing形式作宾语，不能接不定式，常见的有：enjoy, imagine, risk, appreciate, suggest, advise, admit, miss, practise, forbid, avoid, resist, escape, delay, finish, permit, a

13、llow, mind, keep, consider, excuse 等等。 （3）、有些动词后既可以接不定式，也可以接ing形式作宾语，意义相同，常见的有：begin, start, continue, intend, bear, attempt等等。但要注意，begin, start 如遇下面三种情况时接不定式为最佳：A. 句子的主语是物而不是人时，如：The ice began to melt.B. 当begin, start 用了进行时态时, 如：Hes beginning to understand it.C. 当begin, start 后作宾语的动词属于心理活动、精神状态类动词（

14、如realize, understand, love, like, know 等等）时，如：It began to rain and I began to realize I should go home. （4）、有些动词后既可以接不定式，也可以接ing形式作宾语，意义有细微差别，常见的动词有：like / love / prefer / hate to do sth.(表示一个特定的、一次性的、将来的动作) like /love / prefer /hate doing sth. (表示一般的、习惯性的、或正在进行的动作)36. I like _ (swim) but I dont lik

15、e _ (swim) today.37. Would you love _ (go) to the zoo with us?38. I felt like _ (cry) at the news.（5）、有些动词后既可以接不定式，也可以接ing形式作宾语，意义完全不同，常见动词有：39. We must try _ (finish) the work on time.Lets try _ (work) out the maths problem in another way,40. I remember _ (see) her somewhere before.You must remembe

16、r _ (post) the letter for me.41. He forgot _ (pay) and asked to be paid again.Dont forget _ (turn) off the light when you leave.42. I regret _ (miss) such a good chance.I regret _ (say) that I cant lend you so much money.43. Doing like that means _ (cheat).I didnt mean _ (hurt) your feeling that day

17、.44. I cant help _ (do) housework today. Im busy preparing a report.I couldnt help _ (think) of my childhood while seeing the film.45. When the teacher came in, the students stopped _ (talk).As he was very busy that day, he didnt stop _ (talk) with me.46. Though it was raining, the peasants went on

18、_ (work) in the fields.After listening to the text, we went on _(read).47. The baby needs _ (look) after. =The baby needs _ after.You dont need _ (look) after the baby today.48. Our school is well worth _ (visit).Our school is well worthy _ (visit).= Our school is well worthy of _.（6）、介词后的宾语一般用动词的in

19、g形式，但要注意：but和except之后通常接不定式；介词之后若有连接词时也要接不定式。如：49. I have no choice but _ (wait).50. He gave me some advice on how _ (study) it well.51. He has no idea of what _ (do) next.52. I was about _ (go) out when it began to rain. 注意：A. 下面短语中的to是介词，后面要接动词的ing形式而不接不定式。 devote-to-, look forward to, pay attenti

20、on to, prefer-to-, lead to, be close to, refer to, belong to, as to, get down to, owing to, be / get /become used to(习惯于-),等等。 B.有些短语中介词经常省略，这时要注意接动词的ing形式，如：be busy (in) doing sth., spend money /time (in) doing sth., have difficulty /trouble / problems (in) doing sth., prevent / stop -(from) doing

21、sth.,等等。（7）、当不定式和_ing形式作“主语+谓语+宾语+补语”句型中的宾语时，要用it作形式宾语，把真正的宾语置于补语之后，常见句型有： 主语+ make / feel /think /find /consider, etc. + it + adj. / n. + (for / of sb.) + to do sth. 主语+ make /feel /think /find /consider, etc. + it + no good /no use /useless + doing sth.三、作表语所有的非谓语动词都可以在句子中作表语，其区别在：（1）、不定式作表语通常表示一次

22、性、特指的、将来的或具体的动作，有时还可以表示计划安排将要发生的事或一种命令要求。（2）、ing形式作表语通常表示习惯性、泛指的、不具体的动作或表示主语的性质特征（主要是一些表示感情情绪的词，译为“令人感到的”）（3）、过去分词作表语通常表示主语所处的状态，常具有被动含义（主要是一些表示感情情绪的词，译为“感到的”），这样的动词常见的有：surprise, move, excite, interest, shock, tire, bore, touch, encourage, disappoint, invite, inspire, amuse等等。如：53. No one is _ (lea

23、ve) this building without the permission of the police.54. My job is _ (teach) English and my wish is _ (be) a lawyer.55. The president is _ (visit) our country next month.56. The speech was very _ (move) and we were all _ (move) to tears.四、作定语 所有的非谓语动词都可以作定语，其区别在：（1）、不定式作定语常放在被修饰的名词之后，通常可以表示：A. 一个发

24、生在谓语动词之后的动作。如：The building to be built next month will be a hospital.B. 被修饰的名词与用作定语的不定式之间可能是逻辑上的“主+谓”关系，也可能是逻辑上的“动+宾”关系。如：Do you have anyone to help you? (“主+谓”关系)I have nothing to write. (“动+宾”关系) 我没有什么东西可写。C. 如果是“动+宾”关系，动词不定式之后有时需要添上适当的介词，而在名词time, place, moment, way等之后的不定式所带的介词可以省略，如： I have noth

25、ing to write on. 我没有什么东西可以上面写字。 I have nothing to write with. 我没有什么东西可以用来写字。 I have no time to rest. 注意：这种带介词的不定式短语常可以转换为“介词+which / whom+不定式”的结构。例：They had only a cold room to live in.= They had only a cold room in which to live.D. 下列情况常用不定式作定语： 当句子中的谓语是一些特定的动词，如：be, find, get, give, have, need, wa

26、nt等，它们后面的名词（宾语或表语）常用不定式修饰。 当名词前有特定的定语，如：first, last, next, only, second以及形容词最高级时，其后常用不定式作定语。 在There be句型中，主语之后常用不定式作定语。 有一些特定的名词之后常用不定式作定语，常见的有：time, chance, right, promise, wish, plan, means, ability等。例：You have no right to speak here. He is the only person to know the truth. There is nothing to wo

27、rry about.My parents had no chance to go to college. （2）、动词的_ing形式作定语时，如果是单个词，常放在被修饰名词之前；如果是-ing短语，要放在名词之后。_ing作定语通常可以表示：A. 被修饰名词的用途，如：a sleeping car, a waiting room, a walking stick, etc.B. 被修饰名词的性质特征，如：exciting news, a moving story, etc.C被修饰名词正在进行的动作，如：a falling leaf, a burning stick, boiling wate

28、r, etc. （3）、过去分词作定语通常表示：A. 被动，如：He is a man loved by all the people.B. 完成，如：The building built last year is our classroom building.a fallen leaf, a developed country, boiled waterC. 被修饰名词所处的状态，如：an excited boy, the disappointed parents, surprised eyes, etc.五、作状语 所有的非谓语动词都可以在句子中充当状语，其区别在： （1）、不定式（短语）

29、常在句子中作目的、结果和原因状语，常见句式有： 目的：to do sth.; in order to do sth.; so as to do sth.结果：so + adj. /adv. + as to do sth.; such + n. + as to do sth.; enough to do sth.; tooto do sth.; only to do sth. 原因：be happy / glad / sorry / sad ,etc. + to do sth.（2）、_ing形式和过去分词位于句首时常作时间、原因、条件状语，位于句末时主要作方式、伴随或结果状语。究竟该用_ing还是过去分词，主要取决于句子的主语，若它们之间是主动关系就用_ing形式，若是被动关系，就用过去分词。57. He raised his hand _ the taxi stop. (have)58. _ from the top of the hill, our school looks more beautiful. (see)59. The parents died, _ him an orphan. (leave)60. _