1、届高考英语二轮复习非谓语动词3动词不定式一8页word版2019届二轮复习非谓语动词(3)动词不定式(一) 动词不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式,在句中不能单独作谓语。动词不定式具 有动词的性质,它可以有自己的宾语和状语,从而构成动词不定式短语。它还可 以有形式的变化,即一般式、进行式、完成式和被动式。同时,动词不定式也具 有非动词的性质,相当于一个名词、形容词或副词,可以在句中担任主语、宾语、 宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语。 一、动词不定式的特征和种类 动词不定式是由不定式符号 to+动词原形构成,在某些情况下 to 也可省略。 不定式的一般式 不定式的一般式表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或
2、几乎同时发生,或是 在它之后发生。 He appears to be very happy.他看起来好像很高兴。(同时发生) To catch the train, wed better hurry to the station by taxi.为了赶上火车,我们最好 赶紧乘出租车去车站。(to catch the train 发生在 hurry to the station 之后)不定式的进行式 不定式的进行式表示正在进行的或与谓语动词同时发生的动作。 It happened to be raining when I got there.我到达那里的时候,天碰巧在下雨。 Im glad to
3、 be traveling with you.我很高兴和你一起旅游。 不定式的完成式 不定式的完成式表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生。 Im sorry to have lost your key.我很抱歉把你的钥匙弄丢了。 I meant to have finished my work last night, but I didnt feel very well.我本来想昨 晚完成工作的,但是我感觉身体不舒服。 It has been an honor for me to have been invited to your country.对我来说,被邀请 来你们国家是一件很荣幸的事情。
4、 不定式的完成进行式 不定式的完成进行式表示的动作在谓语之前发生并且一直进行着。 He was said to have been living in London for twenty years.据说他在伦敦一直住 了20年。 Im sorry to have been interrupting you.很抱歉,我一直打扰你。 比较: 不定式的时态意义。 He is said to be studying abroad.据说他正在国外读书。(不定式的进行式表示动 作正在进行) He is said to have studied abroad.据说他在国外学习过。(不定式的完成式表示动 作
5、已经结束) E不定式的被动形式 当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用 被动形式。不定式的被动形式根据其与谓语动作发生的先后关系,有一般式和完 成时两种。 1一般式 to be done These are the books to be given out to the students.这些是要发给学生的书。 He asked to be sent to the place where he was most needed.他要求被派往最需要 他的地方。 2完成式 to have been done The novel is said to have been
6、 translated into many languages.据说这部小说已被 译成多种语言。 He appeared to have been questioned for many times.看起来他已经被询问过很多 次了。 F.不定式的否定形式 不定式的否定形式由 not 或 never 加不定式构成。 We decided not to go out because of the bad weather.由于天气不好,我们决定不 出去。 Never to have made any mistake is impossible.从不犯错是不可能的。 注意:谓语动词的否定和不定式的否定
7、不同的意义 I did not promise to wake him up.我没有答应叫醒他。 I promised not to wake him up.我答应了不叫醒他。 动词不定式的用法 动词不定式除了不能单独作谓语外,几乎能担任句子中所有的句子成分。 动词不定式作主语 不定式具有名词的特征,可在句子中充当主语。 1不定式短语在句首作主语 To know oneself is difficult.人贵有自知之明。 To say is one thing and to do is another.说是一回事,做又是另一回事。 To love and to be loved is the
8、greatest happiness one can get.爱与被爱是一个人能 获得的最大幸福。 2用 it 作形式主语 在很多情况下,人们通常用 it 作为形式上的主语,而把不定式移到谓语之后, 使句子结构显得平稳一些。 Its rude to turn your back to your teacher and refuse to answer.背对着老师,拒绝 回答问题是不礼貌的。 It is impossible to learn a foreign language without making painstaking effort.想不 下苦功就能学会外语是不可能的。 It se
9、emed a pity to have wasted so much time.浪费了这么多时间,真是遗憾。 注意: 当主语和表语都是不定式时,不能用形式主语代替动词不定式。 To respect others is to be respected.尊重别人就是尊重自己。 To become a slave is to give up ones freedom.做奴隶就等于放弃自由。 动词不定式作表语 不定式作表语可以说明主语的具体内容或表示目的。 His wish is to become an astronaut. 他的愿望是成为一名宇航员。 What he hoped was to be
10、 admitted into the university.他希望能被大学录取。 To live is to do something worthwhile.活着就是要做一些有价值的事情。 注意: 有些作表语的不定式,在结构上是主动的,但在意义上却是被动的。 She is to blame.她应该受到责备。 The house is to let.此房出租。 The result is not long to see.结果不久就会看到。 动词不定式作宾语 不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语,也可以充当 but 和 except 等介词的宾语 以及形容词的宾语。 1作动词的宾语 不定式可以充当部分
11、及物动词的宾语。 Father likes to listen to music in silence. 父亲喜欢静静地听音乐。 He prefers to be starved to death rather than beg. 他宁愿饿死也不愿乞讨。 I never thought to meet you here.我没想到在这里遇见你。 必背: 可接不定式作宾语的动词有: afford 负担得起 agree 同意 aim 以为目标 ask 要求 attempt 尝试 begin 开始 care 喜爱 choose 决定 continue 继续 decide 决定 desire 要求 de
12、termine 决心 expect 期待 fail 不能 forget 忘记 hate 不愿 hope 希望 ntend 打算 manage 设法 mean 打算 offer 表示愿意 plan 计划 prefer 宁愿 pretend 假装 promise 答应 refuse 拒绝 remember 记起 try 努力 want 想要 wish 希望 在 feel, find, make, think, consider 等动词后,如果宾语带有宾语补足语时, 人们常常用 it 作形式宾语,而把真实宾语放在宾语补足语之后。 I found it possible to work out the
13、 problem without a computer.我发现有可能不用 计算机而解出这道题目。 She made it a rule to get up at five.她养成了五点起床的习惯。 I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students. 我觉得被邀请在会上面对这么多学生发言是一件很光荣的事情。 在表示“希望、打算”等动词(如 hope, expect, intend, mean, want 等)的过 去式后,可接动词不定式的完成式来表示没有实现的动作。 I in
14、tended to have called on you, but was prevented from doing so.我原想来拜访 你的,但没来成。 I expected to have met him here last night.我以为昨天晚上能在这里见到他。(但 没做到) We meant to have stayed there a week.我们原打算在那儿呆一个星期的。 I wanted to have dropped her a line, but forgot to do so.我原想写一封信给她,但 忘记了。 提示: 表示“原打算、原以为”还可以用这类动词的过去完成时
15、来表达。 I had intended to call on you.我原想来拜访你的。 I had expected to meet him here last night.我原以为昨天晚上能在这里见到他的。 We had meant to stay there a week.我们原打算在那儿呆一个星期的。 2作介词的宾语 不定式可以作介词 but 和 except 的宾语。 The teacher made no comments except to tell him to work hard.老师除了叫他努力 学习外,未做任何评价。 He had no choice but to sit
16、 there as usual. 他没有什么选择,只好像往常一样坐 在那儿。 There is nothing we can do but wait patiently. 我们只能耐心等待。 3作形容词的宾语 不定式作形容词的宾语有两种句型,一个是句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语, 另一个是句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。 句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语。这类形容词有 able, afraid, angry, anxious, careful, clever, content, cruel, determined, disappointed, eager, foolish, fortunate, fr
17、ightened, happy, impatient, glad, lucky, naughty, prepared, proud, ready, slow, shocked, sorry, surprised, willing 等。 I am sorry to say that he is going from bad to worse. 很遗憾,他的情况每况愈下 She was not content to live a quiet life in a small town.她不满足在一个小镇里过 默默无闻的生活。 John was happy to be given the job.约翰
18、得到这份工作很高兴。 句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。这类形容词有 easy, hard, cheap, expensive, dangerous, difficult, funny, fit, impossible, interesting, nice, pleasant, simple, strange, useful 等。 This problem is easy to solve.这个问题很容易解决。 The water is not fit to drink.这水不适于饮用。 She is hard to get along with.她这个人很难相处。 注意:在这种结构中,如果不定式
19、是不及物动词,则必须加上结构或含义所需 的介词。 The river is dangerous to swim in.在这条河里游泳很危险。 A spring mattress is comfortable to sleep on.席梦思床垫睡上去很舒服。 动词不定式作宾语补足语 不定式可以在“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型中充当宾语补足语。在这 一句型中,宾语是动词不定式的逻辑主语。 1在表示感觉的动词后作宾语补足语,并且不定式都不带 to。这类动词有: see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, look at, listen to 等。 I he
20、ard them sing yesterday.昨天我听见他们唱歌了。 Did you see him go out 你看见他出去了吗? I felt something crawl up my leg.我感到有什么东西爬到我腿上了。 注意:转为被动语态时,原不带 to 的不定式要变成带 to 的不定式。notice 和 watch 没有被动语态。 We saw the car stop. The car was seen to stop.我们看见这辆车停了下来。 2在使役动词后作宾语补足语,不定式不带 to。 这类动词有:make, let, have 等。转为被动语态时,其后通常都用带 t
21、o 的不定 式(have 没有被动语态)。 有些动词跟不定式作宾语补足语时省去了 to,这些动词有: 一感二听三让四观看。 一 感 : feel 二 听 : hear,listen to 三 让 : let,have,make 四 观 看 : observe,see,watch.,look at What would you have me do 你要我做什么? She made him give up smoking.她让他戒了烟。 Let him do whatever he wishes to do.他想干什么就让他干吧。 Though he had often made his lit
22、tle sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister. 虽然经常是他弄哭小妹妹,但今天他却被小妹妹弄哭了。 3在表示心理状态的动词后作宾语补足语。这类动词有:consider, think, believe, discover, find, imagine, judge, suppose, prove 等。这类动词后的不定式通常是“to be+形容词或名词”结构,think, consider, find 后的 to be 常可省略。 We consider him (to be) a good teacher.我们认为他是
23、一个好老师。 He proved that theory (to be) very important. 他证明那个理论是很重要的。 I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her.我第一次见到她的时 候就认为她人很好,很诚实。 4在表示情感状态的动词后作宾语补足语。这类动词有:love, like, prefer, hate, want, wish, expect 等。 Id prefer you to leave him alone.我希望你不要打扰他。 I dont want there to be any t
24、rouble.我不想有任何麻烦。 5动词 advise, allow, ask, beg, command, tell, invite, force, oblige, get, help, encourage, persuade, permit, remind, request, order, warn, cause 等后面,多接不定式 短语作宾语补足语。 We dont allow such things to happen again. 我们不容许这种事情再发 生。 Most of the parents agree to forbid their children to smoke.大多
25、数父母都同意 禁止自己的孩子抽烟。 She asked me to answer the phone in her absence.她请我在她不在的时候接电话。 Please remind me to leave her this note.请提醒我留给她这张纸条。 She requested him to go with her.她邀请他一同去。 注意:hope, demand, suggest 等动词后面不能接不定式作宾语补足语。 【误】I hope you to give me a hand. 【正】I hope you can give me a hand.我希望你能帮我一把。 【正】
26、I wish you to give me a hand.我希望你能帮我一把。 【误】He demanded me to be present at the meeting. 【正】He demanded that we should be present at the meeting.他要求我们出席会 议。 【正】He required us to be present at the meeting.他要求我们出席会议。 【误】Mr Li suggested her not to go there alone. 【正】Mr Li suggested that she should not g
27、o there alone.李先生建议她不要独自 去那里。 6动词不定式也可作一些短语动词的宾语补足语。 Im waiting for James to arrive.我正等着詹姆斯的到来。 Hes arranged for a car to pick them up at the station.他已安排了一辆汽车去车站 接他们。 The UN has called on both sides to observe the ceasefire.联合国号召交战双方遵 守停火协定。 必背: 这些带介词的短语动词有: call on 号召 arrange for 安排 ong for 盼望 wai
28、t for 等待 depend on 依靠 rely on 指望 E动词不定式作定语 不定式作定语通常放在其修饰的名词或代词之后,和被修饰的名词或代词之间 是主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系和修饰关系。 主谓关系 The future to greet us will be bright.我们的未来会十分美好的。 He is always the first person to come and the last one to leave. 他总是第一个来 最后一个离开。 The next train to arrive was from New York.下一列到站的火车是从纽约开来的。 动宾关
29、系 On Sundays, he always has a lot of letters to write.星期天,他总是有许多信要写 The teacher left us a lot of problems to solve.老师给我们留了许多道题要解答。 He can find no one to make friends with.他找不到可交朋友的人。 注意:由于动词不定式与其修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系,因此,如果该不定 式是不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词。 She has a child to take care of.她有一个孩子要照看。 There is nothing to
30、worry about. 没什么可担心的。 He has no friend to depend on.他没有可依靠的朋友。 Ive got a lot of things to see to this morning. 今天上午我有许多事情要处理。同位关系 He broke his promise to write to his parents regularly.他没有遵守诺言定期给他父 母亲写信。 We students should have the courage to face any difficulty.我们学生应该有勇气面 对任何困难。 I have no wish to q
31、uarrel with you.我不想和你吵架。 修饰关系 Now it is time to begin our class.现在是上课的时间了。 I need somewhere to take a nap.我需要一个地方打个盹。 Is that the way to open the can 那就是打开罐头的方法吗? F动词不定式作状语 不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。 1表示目的 Im saving up to buy a computer.我在存钱买电脑。 To save the child, he laid down his life.为了救那个孩子,他献出了生
32、命。 注意:有时为了强调或突出这种目的,也可以用 in order (not) to do,和 so as (not) to do 结构(so as to do 不可以置于句首)。 He shouted and waved in order to be noticed.为了吸引注意,他又嚷嚷又挥手。 Ill write down his telephone number so as not to forget it.我要把他的电话号码记 下来,以防忘记。 2表示结果 He got to the station only to find the train had gone.他赶到车站,发现火车已经开 走了。 What have I said to make you so angry 我说了什么话使你气成这样? After the meeting
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