广外通选大众传媒与社会例题.docx

1、广外通选大众传媒与社会例题. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words ( 2 points each, 20 points)1. Throughout twentieth-century America, critics and audiences took for granted a hierarchy of culture that exists to this day and can be visualized, in some respects, as a modern skyscraper. The top floor of the bui

2、lding house high culture, such as _ballet_ , and classical literature. The bottom floors-and even the basement-house popular or low culture, including such icons as soap operas, rock and rap music, talk radio, comic books, and truck pulls.(18页)2. A key economic issues of our times is whether the cos

3、t of getting on the information highway will undermine equal access. Mimicking the economic disparity between rich and poor that grew more pronounced during the 1980s and 1990s, the term _digital divide_ refers to the growing contrast between “information haves,” or digital highway users who can aff

4、ord to acquire multiple media services, and “information have-nots,” or people who may not be able to afford a computer or the monthly bills for Internet service connections, much less the many options now available on the highway.(p59 The Ecomomics of Access and the Digital Divide)3. A new radio fo

5、rmat _cassettes_begins to gain popularity over America in the 1960s. P734. By the late 1970s cable companies rush to win local cable _monopoly rights_ across U.S. During this process, a city (or state) would outline its cable system needs and request bids from cable companies. Then a number of compa

6、nies-none of which could also own broadcast stations or newspapers in the community-competed for the right to install and manage the cable system. P2015. Edison patented several inventions and manufactured a new large-screen system called _vitascope_, which enabled film strips of longer lengths to b

7、e projected without interruption. Unlike the kinetoscope, this projection improved viewing for large audiences, hinting at the potential of movies as a future mass medium.(p232第二段)6. Another major development in the evolution of film as a mass medium was the arrival of movie theatres. They were call

8、ed _nickelodeons_, a term that combines the admission price with the Greek word for “theatre”. These small and uncomfortable makeshift theatres were often converted cigar stores, pawnshops, or restaurants redecorated to mimic vaudeville theatres.(p233倒数第二段)7.By the mid-1940s, the Justice Department

9、demanded that the five major film companies-Paramount, Warner Brothers, Twentieth Century Fox, MGM, and RKO-end vertical integration. In 1948, after a series of court appeals, the Supreme Court ruled against the film industry in what is commonly known as the_paramount decision_ , forcing the studios

10、 to gradually divest themselves to their theatres. P2548. The influence of American popular culture has created consideration debate in international circles. American media are shaping the cultures and identities of other nations. American styles in fashion and food, as well as media fare, dominate

11、 the global market-what many critics have identified as _cultural imperialism _ .9. In objective journalism, which distinguishes factual reports from opinion columns, modern reporters strive to maintain a neutral attitude toward the issue or event they cover; they also search out competing points of

12、 view among the sources for a story. The writing and representation of this kind of reporting is often designated as _ inverted-pyramid style _. Civil War correspondents developed this style by imitating the terse, compact press releases that came from President Lincolns secretary of war, Edwin M. S

13、tanton. Often stripped of adverbs and adjectives, reports began-as they do today-with the most dramatic or newsworthy information. They answer who, what, where, when (and, less frequently, why or how) questions at the top of the story and then narrow down to less significant details. If wars or natu

14、ral disasters disrupted the telegraph transmissions of these dispatches, the information the reporter chose to lead with in the story often had the best chance of getting through.(p279倒数第二段)10. A response to the minimal-effects theory, _the uses and gratifications model_ was proposed in the 1940s to

15、 contest the notion of audience passivity. Under this model, researchers studied the ways in which people used the media to satisfy various emotional or intellectual needs. This model represented a middle position between the hypodermic-needle model and the minimal-effects models.(p522倒数第二段)11. One

16、of the most well-known studies that suggests a link between the mass media and behavior is the _“Bobo doll”_ experiments conducted on children by psychologist Albert Bandura and his colleagues at Stanford University in the 1960s. Bandura concluded that the experiments demonstrate a link between viol

17、ent media programs, such as those that might be on television, and aggressive behavior. And he theorized social learning as a four-step process: attention (the subject must attend to the media and witness aggressive behavior), retention (the subject must retain the memory for later retrieval), motor

18、 reproduction (the subject must be able to physically imitate the behavior), and motivation (there must be a social reward or reinforcement to encourage modeling of the behavior). (p527 Social Learning Theory第一段)12. Since the mid-1950s, four models for speech and journalism have been used to categor

19、ize the widely differing ideas underlying free expressions. These models include the authoritarian, communist, libertarian, and _social responsibility concepts_. They are distinguished by the levels of freedom they allow and by the attitudes of the ruling and political classes toward the freedoms gr

20、anted to the average citizen. (p544倒数第二段). Choose the best answer to each of the following questions（2 points each, 30 points）：1The historical development of media and communication can be traced through several overlapping eras in which newer forms of technology and knowledge disrupted and modified

21、 older forms. These eras, which all still operates to greater or lesser degrees, are oral, print, electronic and digital. Oral and written forms begin the dialogue, printed communication spreads the word, electronic and digital communication bring immediacy to the message, and the electronic and dig

22、ital ears fostered the age of _?_ , which refers to the appearance of older media forms on the newest media channels.2In 1910, Congress passes _A_ requiring that all major ships be equipped with wireless radio. Congress begins issuing radio licenses in 1927. After intense lobbing by the radio indust

23、ry, Congress passes an act which allows commercial interests to control the airwaves. In 1996, the new bill effects a rapid, unprecedented consideration in radio ownership across the United States.AWireless Ship Act BFederal Communications Act of 1934CRadio Act of 1927 DTelecommunications Act of 199

24、63For local affiliate stations, syndicated programs are often used or slotted in what is known as fringe time. Syndication to fill these slots comes in two forms. First, there is off-network syndication, in which older programs, no longer running during network prime time, are made available for rer

25、uns to local stations, cable operators, online services, and foreign markets. A second type of syndication used to fill fringe time is _B_, which is any program that is specifically produced for sale into syndication markets.(p182最后一段)A. fringe syndication B. first-run syndicationC. hybrid syndicati

26、on D. off-network syndication4. In 1883, printer Benjamin Day founded _B_. After cutting the price to one penny, he also eliminated subscriptions. This paper (whose slogan was “It shines for all”) highlighted local events, scandals, and police reports. Its success initiated a wave of penny papers th

27、at favored human-interest stories. B (P273最后一段)ANew York Herald BNew York SunCNew York Tribune DNew York Times5. A lifetime champion of women and the poor, _ D _ pioneered what was then called detective or stunt journalism. Her work inspired the whole twentieth-century practice of investigative jour

28、nalism-from exposes of oil corporations in the early 1900s to the award-winning Wall Street Journal investigations of big tobacco companies in the mid-1990s. For both the press and the public, this tradition remains one of journalisms most revered contributions to democracy. A. Ida M. Tarbell B.Linc

29、oln SteffensC. Karl Bernstein D.Nellie Bly6The ideal of an impartial, or purely informational, news and model was reinvented by Adolph Ochs and his New York Times in 1896. Early in the twentieth century, with reporters adopting a more “scientific” attitude to news- and fact-gathering, the ideal of o

30、bjectivity began to anchor journalism. In objective journalism, which distinguishes factual reports from opinion columns, modern reporters strive to maintain a neutral attitude toward the issue or event they cover; they also search out competing points of view among the sources for a story. The writ

31、ing and representation of this kind of reporting is often designated as the _ A _. （p279）A. the inverted-pyramid style B. objectivity modelC. literary forms of journalism D. precision journalism7In 1848, six New York newspapers formed a cooperative arrangement and founded _ C _,the first major news

32、wire service. It began as commercial organizations that relayed news stories and information around the country and the world using telegraph lines and, later, radio waves and digital transmissions. (p275倒数第二段)AReuters BHavas Cthe Associated Press Dthe United Press8American Antimonopoly laws consist of Sherman Antitrust Act which Congress passes in 1890 that outlaws monopoly practices and corporate trusts that fix prices, Clayton Antitrust Act which Congress strengthens antitrust law in 1914 by prohibiting companies from sell