英语句子成分及英语句子结构讲解.docx

1、英语句子成分及英语句子结构讲解一、英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解：一句子成分1.主语 subject: 句子说明的人或事物。主语可以由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、分词、主语从句和短语等来担任。The sun rises in the east.名词 He likes dancing. 代词Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词 )Seeing is believing. 动名词To see is to believe. 不定式 What he needs is a book. 主语从句It is very clear that the e

2、lephant is round and tall like a tree.（It 形式主语，主语从句是真正主语找出以下句中的主语：Jane is good at playing the piano.名词 She went out in a hurry.代词Four plus four is eight.数词 To see is to believe.不定式Smoking is bad for health.动名词 The young should respect theold.名词化的形容词What he has said is true. 句子谓语 predicate: 说明主语的动作、状

3、态和特征。简单谓语 :由动词或动词词组组成I saw the flag on the top of the hill?1/12He looked after two orphans.复合谓语：由情态动词或助动词 +动词 ;He can speak English well.She doesn t seem to like dancing.找出以下句中的谓语注：只有动词才可作谓语。：1.We love China.2.We have finished reading this book.3.He can speak English.4.She seems tired.3.表语 predicati

4、ve: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。He is a teacher. 名词 Seventy-four! You don t look代it.词Five and five is ten. 数词 He is asleep. 形容词His father is in. 副词 The picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语 )My watch is gone / missing / lost. 形容词化的分词To wear a flower is to say “ I m poor, I can不定式tbuy a ring. 常见的系动词有 : be, sound

5、听起来 , look看起来 , feel(摸起来，smell闻起来 ,taste尝、吃起来 , remain保持，仍是 , feel感觉 .It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange.Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.2/12The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.The door remains open. Now I feel tired.找出以下句中的表语。1.I am a teacher.2.They are on the playgr

6、ound.3.My job is teaching English.4.It gets cold.5.It sounds interesting.4.宾语： 1动作的承受者 -及物动词或介词的宾语I like China. 名词 He hates you. 代词How many do you need? We need two. 数词We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you. 动名词I hope to see you again. 不定式 Did you write down what he said?宾语从句2

7、 介词后的名词、代词和动名词 -介宾Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks.3 双宾语 -间宾指人和直宾指物宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语 .直接宾语指物或事 ,间接宾语指人或动物 .He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money.指出下面句子的间接宾语和直接宾语：please pass me the book.3/12He bought his girlfriend some flowers.找出以下句子的宾语局部：1.We often

8、help him.2.He likes to play basketball.3.We enjoy listening to the music.4.She said that he felt sick.5.They are talking about the new student.5.宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有 ：We will make them happy. 形容词 We found nobody in. ( 副词 ) Please make

9、 yourself at home. 介词短语 Don t let him do that.省 to 不定式His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson.带 to 不定式Don t keep the lights burning.现在分词 I ll have my bike repaired.过去分词6.主补：对主语的补充，全称为主语补足语。He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy b

10、oy a lesson.7.定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.名词 He is our friend. 代词We belong to the third world. 数词4/12He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.形容词The man over there is my old friend.(副词 )The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. 介(词 )The boys playing football ar

11、e in Class 2. 现在分词The trees planted last year are growing well now. 过去分词I have an idea to do it well. 不定式You should do everything that I do. 定语从句定语后置：如果定语是由一个单词表示时，通常要前置。而由一个词组或一个句子表示时，通常那么后置The girl in red is his sister.We have a lot of work to do.The girl standing under the tree is his daughter.Do

12、 you know the man who spoke just now?状语：用来修饰 v., adj., adv., 或句子。表示时间、地点、原因、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。 以下例句按上述顺序排列I will go there tomorrow.The meeting will be held in the meeting-room.The meat went bad because of the hot weather.He studies hard to learn English well.He didn t study hard so that he failed in th

13、e exam. I like some of you very much.If you study hard, you will pass the exam. He goes to school by bike.5/12Though he is young, he can do it well.二 句子结构 简单句的五个根本句型1.主语 不及物动词 She came/ My head aches.2.主语 及物动词宾语 She likes English.3.主语 系动词 表语 She is happy4.主语 双宾动词间接宾语 直接宾语 She gave John a book.5.主语 宾

14、补动词 宾语 宾语补语 She makes her mother angryThe teacher asked me to read the passage.There +be 句型There are some books on the desk.There lies a book on the desk.Exercises ：分析以下句子成分1. Our school is not far from my home. 2. It is a great pleasure to talkwith you3. All of us considered him honest. 4. My grand

15、father bought me apair of sports shoes.5. He broke a piece of glass. 6. He made it clear that hewould leave the city翻译练习：主谓结构 主语 不及物动词 6/121、你应该努力学习 You should study hard.2、他昨天晚上很晚回家 She went home very late yesterday evening.练习：1、This box weighs five kilos. 这个盒子重五公斤。2、I lived in Beijing five years a

16、go. 五年前我住在北京。主谓宾结构 主语 及物动词 宾语 1、我昨晚写了一封信 I wrote a letter last night.2、我今天下午想和你谈谈 I want to talk with you this afternoon.练习：1、All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.我们大家都相信 Jack 是一个老实男孩。2、He did not know what to say. 他不知道说什麽好。主系表结构 主语 系动词表语 我的弟弟都是大学生 My brothers are all college students.2.在冬天，

17、白天很短夜晚很长 In winter, the days are short and the nights are long.3. 布朗女士看上去很健康 Mrs Brown looks very healthy.4.在他 15 岁那年他成为了著名的画家 At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist.练习：树叶已经变黄了。 The leaves have turned yellow.2、这个报告听起来很有意思。 The report sounds interesting.7/12双宾语结构 主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语强森先生去年叫我们德语 M

18、r Johnson taught us German last year.2.祖父昨晚给我讲了一个有趣的故事 Grandma told me an interesting story last night.练习：1、 请你给我弄一本新的，好吗？ Will you please get me a new copy?2、我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？ Shall I call you a taxi?复合宾语结构 主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语 我们叫她爱丽丝 We call her Alice.2.他父母叫他约翰 His parents named him John.练习：学校定了一条规那么，开始上课时学

19、生要起立。The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins.2、我认为与那个人谈话是无益的。 I thought it no use talking with that manThere be 句型1.今晚不会开会 There isn t going to be a meeting tonight.2.这个村庄里只有一口井 There was only a well in the village.练习：1、铃响了。 There goes the bell2、一周有七天。 There are

20、 seven days a week二、英语句子种类讲解：8/12按照句子的用途，英语句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感慨句。按照句子的结构，英语句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。中考对句子的考查主要集中在以下几个方面：1.陈述句的构成形式及根本用法；2.祈使句的构成形式及根本用法；3.一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的构成形式及根本用法；4.由 what, how 引导的感慨句的构成形式、用法及区别对于各种从句的用法我们在后面分别论述。(一.) 陈述句的构成形式及根本用法1.陈述句：陈述句是用来陈述一个事实或表达说话人看法包括肯定和否认的句子。通常用降调，句末用句号 “.。T

21、om has a new car. The flower isn t beautiful.2.陈述句否认式的构成(1)如果肯定陈述句的谓语局部含有助动词、情态动词或连系动词be，那么只需在这些动词后加 not 即可构成否认式。He is playing the guitar.肯定We can get there before dark.肯定否认He is not playing the guitar.否认We can t get thee before dark.(2)如果陈述句的谓语动词是实义动词，而其中又没有情态动词或助动词时，那么需根据人称和时态在该实义动词前加 dont, doesn

22、或tdidn t。同时把该实义动词变为原形。He plays the violin well.肯定 He doesn t play the violin well否.定9/12She won the game.肯定 She didn t win the game否.定(3)如果句子是 there be 结构或谓语动词是 have有，除了 be 和 have 之后加 not 之外，句中如果有 some 要变为 any。例如：There is some water in the cup. There is not any water in the cup.He has some books. He

23、 has not any books.(4)除 not 以外，否认词 no, never, nothing, nobody, few 等也可构成否认句。例如：There is something wrong with his bike. There is nothing wrong with his bike.I have seen the film. I have never seen the film.) 祈使句的构成形式及根本用法祈使句是用来表示命令、请求、建议、号召等的句子，谓语动词用原形，句末用感慨号 “！或句号 “.。朗读时一般用降调。肯定的祈使句：祈使句主语是 you 时， yo

24、u 常省略，但如果要特别强调对方或表达某种强烈的情绪时可以有主语或称呼语。Be quiet. You be quiet!（2“Do+祈使句 表示一种强烈的感情或请求， do 起强调作用。（3please 用在祈使句中可以表示一种客气的语气，但 please 用在句末时，必须用逗号与其余局部分开。Open the window, please. 4Let 引导祈使句时，后面需跟上人称代词或称呼语，人称代词一般只用一、第三人称。10/12Let Jack wait a minute.Let s go to school. 5在祈使句中， Let s和 Let us是有区别的。 Let s包括说话者

25、，而 Let us 不包括听话者在内。这点从反意疑问句时可明显看出。Let s go skating, shall we?表示内部的建议Let us try again, will you?表示向别人发出请求2.否认祈使句通常以 Dont或 Never 开头。其结构通常是： “ Don t(Never)+动词原形 +其他成分 例如：Don t do that again! Never leave today s work for tomorrow!Don t belate next time!(三.) 一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的构成形式及根本用法1.一般疑问句： 1一般疑

26、问句的肯定形式一般疑问句一般是指以助动词、情态动词、 be 动词或 have有开始，通常要求以 yes，或 no 来答复的疑问句，一般疑问句读时通常用升调。Do you know Mr. Smith Can you swim? 2一般疑问句的否认结构 在一般疑问句的否认结构中，把副词 not 放在一般疑问句的主语之后。但如果用 not 的简略形式 -nt，那么须将 -nt与一般疑问句句首的 be, have，助动词或情态动词写在一起。在实际运用中，一般都采用简略式。Are you not a football fan? Aren t you a football fan?Will she not like it? Won t she like it?11/12 与汉语不同的是，英语一般疑问句否认结构的答语是否认还是肯定，全由答语的否认或肯定来决定。假设答语是肯定的，那么用 yes 加肯定结构；假设答语是否认的，那么用 no 加否认结构。Aren t you a football fan?你不是足球迷吗？ Yes, I am. No, I am not.Won t she like it? Yes, she will. No, she won t.12/12