尚择优选20XX年考研英语一真题及参考答案解析.docx

1、尚择优选20XX年考研英语一真题及参考答案解析20XX年考研英语一SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblank.andmarkA，B，CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)In1924AmericanNationalResearchCouncilsenttoengineertosuperviseaseriesofexperimentsatatelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnear

2、Chicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlighting_1_workersproductivity.Instead，thestudiesended_2_givingtheirnametothe“Hawthorneeffect”theextremelyinfluentialideathevery_3_tobeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjectsbehaviorTheideaarosebecauseofthe_4_behaviorofthewomenintheplant.Accordingto_5_oftheexperi

3、mentstheirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot_6_whatwasdoneintheexperiment._7_somethingwaschangedproductivityrose.A(n)_8_thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe_9_toalterworkersbehavior_10_itselfAfterseveraldecades，thesamedatawere_11_toeconometrictheanalysisH

4、awthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore12thedescriptionsonrecord，nosystematic_13_wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlightingItturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmaybehaveletto_14_interpretationofwhathappened._15_，lightingwasalwayschangedonaSundayWhenworkstartedaga

5、inonMonday,output_16_rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand_17_toriseforthenextcoupleofdays_18_，acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMonday,workers_19_tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycase，before_20_aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggests

6、thatthealleged“Hawthorneeffect”ishardtopindown1.AaffectedBachievedCextractedDrestored2.AatBupCwithDoff3.AtruthBsightCactDproof4.AcontroversialBperplexingCmischievousDambiguous5.ArequirementsBexplanationsCaccountsDassessments6.AconcludeBmatterCindicateDwork7.AasfarasBforfearthatCincasethatDsolongas8.

7、AawarenessBexpectationCsentimentDillusion9.AsuitableBexcessiveCenoughDabundant10.AaboutBforConDby11.AcomparedBshownCsubjectedDconveyed12.AcontrarytoBconsistentwithCparallelwithDpeculiarto13.AevidenceBguidanceCimplicationDsource14.AdisputableBenlighteningCreliableDmisleading15.AIncontrastBForexampleC

8、InconsequenceDAsusual16.AdulyBaccidentallyCunpredictablyDsuddenly17.AfailedBceasedCstartedDcontinued20.AbreakingBclimbingCsurpassingDhittingSectionReadingComprehensionPartADirections：Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA，B，CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)T

9、ext1OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityarts

10、criticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailie

11、s.WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajo

12、rpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.“Sofewau

13、thorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,”Newmanwrote,“thatIamtemptedtodefinejournalismasatermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare.”Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybefo

14、rehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEnglandsforemostclassical-musiccritics,astylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint

15、,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.IsthereanychancethatCardusscriticismwillenjoyarevival?Theprospectseemsremote.Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreover,theamateurtradit

16、ioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.21. ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2thatAartscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers.BEnglish-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews.Chigh-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders.Dyoungreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies.22. Newspap

17、erreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedbyAfreethemes.Bcasualstyle.Celaboratelayout.Dradicalviewpoints.23. WhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?AItiswritersdutytofulfilljournalisticgoals.BItiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.CWritersarelikelytobetemptedintojournal

18、ism.DNotallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.24. WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?AHismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.BHisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.CHisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists.DHiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.25. Wha

19、twouldbethebesttitleforthetext?ANewspapersoftheGoodOldDaysBTheLostHorizoninNewspapersCMournfulDeclineofJournalismDProminentCriticsinMemoryText2Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshaveseengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Amazoncomreceivedoneforits“one-click”onlinepaymentsystemMerrillLynchgotleg

20、alprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforlyingabox。Nowthenationstoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalehackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU.ScourtofApp

21、ealsforthefederalcircuitsaiditwoulduseparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is“averybigdeal”，saysDermisD,CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents”Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-

22、facebecauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithis1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusivepintstospecifi

23、ctypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbentthemtothepunch.In20XX,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.Simila

24、rly,someWallStreetinvestmentfilmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice。TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourtsjudg

25、es,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould“reconsider”itsstatestreetBankruling。TheFederalCircuitsactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupreme.Countthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApril,forexamplethejusticessignaledthatto

26、omanypatentswerebeingupheldfor“inventions”thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare“reactiontotheanti-patenttrendatthesupremecourt”saysHaroleCWegner,apartendattorneyandprofessoratWashingtonUniversityLawSchool。26.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseofAtheirlimitedvaluetobusine

27、ssBtheirconnectionwithassetallocationCthepossiblerestrictionontheirgrantingDthecontroversyoverauthorization27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?AItsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisionsBItinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransactionCIthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuitDItmaychangethelegalpracticesinthe

28、U.S。28.Theword“about-face”(Line1,Paro3)mostprobablymeansAlossofgoodwillBincreaseofhostilityCchangeofattitudeDenhancementofdisunity29.Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatentsAareimmunetolegalchallengesBareoftenunnecessarilyissuedClowertheesteemforpatentholdersDincreasetheincidenceofr

29、isks30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?AAloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatentsBProtectionforbusiness-methodpatentholdersCAlegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatentsDAprevailingtreadagainstbusiness-methodpatentsText3InhisbookTheTippingPointMalcolmAladuellarguesthatsocialepidemicsaredriven

30、inlargepartbytheactingofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluentialswhoareunusualinformed,persuasive,orweconnect.Theideaisintuitivelycompellingbutitdoesntexplainhowideasactuallyspread。Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausiblesoundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthetow-st

31、epflowofcommunication.Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecameitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofpeoplewaswearing,promotingordevelopingwhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththe