时态和语态及习题综合专题.docx

1、时态和语态及习题综合专题时态和语态及改错综合专题一.一般现在时及其被动语态(一)一般现在时：1.用法：(1)反复性或经常性发生的动作或存在的状态；(2)表示客观真理或事实；e.g. Tom eats breakfast every morning. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.2.时间状语：(1)every/each +单数时间名词（day/ month/year/week等）； e.g. every day每一天； each month每个月； every week每个周 (2)频率副词：usually/often/somet

2、imes/always等。 e.g. Mary usually finishes her homework on time. They often go to the place to have a rest. 3.谓语动词形式： (1)be动词：am/ is /are; (2)实义动词：原形和第三人称单数形式（简称三单形式）；当主语为I, you及复数时，谓语动词用原形；当主语为单数时，谓语动词用三单形式。e.g. Tom goes to school every day. They often stay at home on weekends. Mary and I are friends

3、 now.(3)动词三单形式的转换规则： 一般情况下，直接加“s”；e.g. helphelps likelikes comecomes playplays findfinds以s, x, sh, ch, o结尾的动词，加“es”；e.g. guessguesses fixfixes teachteaches finishfinishes gogoes dodoes以辅音字母加“y”结尾的动词，变“y”为“i”，再加“es”。e.g. studystudies worryworries trytries carrycarries4. 一般现在时肯定句转换为否定句，一般疑问句及一般疑问句的肯定和

4、否定回答；(1)含有be动词（am/is/are）的陈述句变为一般疑问句，直接把be动词提到句首,然后把“.”变“?”即可，其中第一人称I和we要相应的变为第二人称you。肯定及否定回答用相对应的be动词来回答就可以了；若是肯定句变为否定句，直接在be动词后面加not，可缩写，可全称；否定回答只能用缩写；e.g. 肯定句: Tom and Mary are friends before.否定句: Tom and Mary are not/arent friends before. 一般疑问句: Are Tom and Mary friends before?肯定回答: Yes, they ar

5、e.否定回答: No, they arent.(2)含有实义动词的陈述句变为一般疑问句需要请助动词(do/does)，谓语动词为原形请do，反之，请does，然后把助动词提到句首，后面的实义动词必须变为原形；肯定回答和否定回答也用相应地助动词来回答，注意否定回答必须用缩写；若是肯定句变为否定句直接在助动词后面加not变为否定形式，放于谓语动词之前，但切记请了助动词，后面的谓语动词必须变为原形。e.g. 肯定句: I often go to the zoo. 否定句: I do not often go to the zoo. 一般疑问句: Do you often go to the zoo?

6、 肯定回答: Yes, I do. 否定回答: No, I dont.肯定句: She visits her uncle every year.否定句: She doesnt visit her uncle every year.一般疑问句: Does she visit her uncle every year?肯定回答: Yes, she does.否定回答: No, she doesnt.(二)语态：1.定义：是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语之间的关系。2.分类：(1)主动语态:表示主语是动作的执行者;(2)被动语态:表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般说来，只

7、有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用“被”、“受”、“给”等被动词来表示被动意义 。3.被动语态的结构：be + done(动词的过去分词)4.被动语态的运用：(1)不知道谁是动作的执行者或没有必要知道谁是动作的执行者时；e.g. The house is quite old. It was built in 1950. When will the road be opened to traffic?(2)需要强调动作的对象即宾语时； e.g. Calculator cant be used in the math exam. He was awarded first prize

8、in that contest. (3)有时为了礼貌等原因不愿说出行为者,这时也常用被动语态。e.g. The construction of the new lab must be completed by the end of next month.You are requested to give a performance.5.使用被动语态应注意的几个问题:(1)不及物动词无被动语态；e.g. What will happen in 100 years? (2) 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义；e.g. This pen writes well. This new book sells

9、 well. (3)to的动词不定式, 主动语态中不带to, 但变为被动语态时, 必须加上to；e.g. My mother makes me do housework every day. =I am made to do housework by my mother every day. I saw them play basketball yesterday. =They were seen to play basketball by me yesterday. (4)如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时, 直接宾语(物)作主语, 那么动词后要用介词, 这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定的；e

10、.g. He gave me a book. A book was given to me by him. He showed me a ticket. A ticket was shown to me by him. My bought me a new bike.A new bike was bought for me by my father. (5) 一些动词短语用于被动语态时, 动词短语应当被看作一个整体, 而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。eg. He listens to the radio every day. The radio is listened to by him ever

11、y day. The nurse is taking care of the sick man. The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse. (三)一般现在时的被动语态：1.结构：be(am/is/are) + done 2. 形式：(1)肯定句：主语+ be(am / is / are) + 动词的过去分词 +(by+人称代词宾格)+ 其他(2)否定句：主语+ be(am / is / are) + not + 动词的过去分词 +(by+人称代词宾格)+ 其他 (3)一般疑问句：Be(am/is/are)+主语+动词的过去分词+（by+

12、人称代词宾格）+其他？(4)特殊疑问句：What/Where/When+ be(am / is / are) +主语+动词的过去分词+ 其他? e.g. English is studied (by us) every day.English is not studied (by us) every day.Is English not studied (by us) every day?Where is this book bought?二.一般过去时及其被动语态(一)一般过去时：1.用法：(1)一般过去时表示过去某个时间或时间段内发生的动作或存在的状态；常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如yes

13、terday, last night, two days ago, in 1990, before等；e.g. I visited my grandparents last night. He got up at 6:30 yesterday.一般过去时也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。e.g. He always went to school by bus last year. I was often late for school before.2. 时间状语（标志词）：(1)last（上一个） +表示时间的单数可数名词(day/month/ week /year等)；e.g. last d

14、ay昨天 = yesterday last year去年last week上个周(2)时间段+ ago(以前)，表示“多长时间以前”；e.g. three days ago三天以前； five weeks ago五周前 one month ago一个月以前(3) in +过去的年份，表示在哪一年；e.g. in 1998在1998年 in 2020在2020年 (4)in the past在过去； (5)then = at that moment在那时 3.谓语动词形式： (1)be动词: was(am/is的过去时); were(are的过去时)； (2)实义动词：过去式形式： e.g. T

15、om went to school yesterday. We are classmates three years ago. Everything went well at that moment.4. 一般过去时肯定句转换为否定句，疑问句及疑问句的肯定和否定回答；(1)含有be动词（was/were）的陈述句变为一般疑问句，直接把be动词提到句首,然后把“.”变“?”即可，其中第一人称I和we要相应的变为第二人称you。肯定及否定回答用相对应的be动词来回答就可以了；若是肯定句变为否定句，直接在be动词后面加not，可缩写，可全称；否定回答只能用缩写；e.g. 肯定句: Tom and M

16、ary were friends before.否定句: Tom and Mary were not/werent friends before. 一般疑问句: Were Tom and Mary friends before?肯定回答: Yes, they were.否定回答: No, they werent.(2)含有实义动词的陈述句变为一般疑问句需要请助动词(did)，然后把助动词提到句首，后面的实义动词必须变为原形；肯定回答和否定回答也用相应地助动词来回答，注意否定回答必须用缩写；若是肯定句变为否定句直接在助动词did后面加not变为否定形式，放于谓语动词之前，但切记请了助动词，后面的

17、谓语动词必须变为原形。e.g. 肯定句: I went to the zoo yesterday. 否定句: I did not go to the zoo yesterday. 一般疑问句: Did you go to the zoo yesterday? 肯定回答: Yes, I did. 否定回答: No, I didnt.肯定句: She visited her uncle last year.否定句: She didnt visit her uncle last year.一般疑问句: Did she visit her uncle last year?肯定回答: Yes, she

18、did.否定回答: No, she didnt.肯定句: The apples were good.否定句: The apples were not good.一般疑问句: Were the apples good?肯定回答: Yes, they were.否定回答: No, they werent.(二)一般过去时的被动语态：1.结构：be(was/were) + done2.句子构成：(1)肯定句：主语+ be(was/were)+ 动词的过去分词 +(by+人称代词宾格)+ 其他(2)否定句：主语+ be(was/were) + not + 动词的过去分词 +(by+人称代词宾格)+ 其

19、他 (3)一般疑问句：Be(was/were)+主语+动词的过去分词+（by+人称代词宾格）+其他？(4)特殊疑问句：What/Where/When+ be(was/were) +主语+动词的过去分词+ 其他?e.g. English was studied (by us) three years ago. English was not studied (by us) three years ago. Was English not studied (by us) three years ago?Where was this book bought?(四)动词过去式（过去分词）的转化:1.规

20、则动词的转化规则：(1)一般情况下直接加ed；e.g. look-looked play-played start-started(2)以e结尾的动词加d；e.g. live-lived hope-hoped use-used face-faced(3)以重读闭音节结尾的，末尾只有一个辅音字母的，双写这个辅音字母，再加ed；e.g. stop-stopped plan-planned permit-permitted beg-begged(4)以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，变y为i再加ed。e.g. study-studied carry-carried worry-worried 2.不规则动词

21、的变化规则，需特殊记忆：(1)原形，过去式和过去分词形式相同：e.g. hit-hit-hit set-set-set put-put-put cut-cut-cut cast-cast-cast cost-cost-cost shut-shut-shut hurt-hurt-hurt burst-burst-burst spread-spread-spread(2)过去式和过去分词同形：e.g. feed-fed-fed bleed-bled-bled bend-bent-bent buy-bought-bought breed-bred-bred fight-fought-fought b

22、ring-brought-brought catch-caught-caught sell-sold-sold leave-left-left meet-met-met send-sent-sent find-found-found sleep-slept-slept teach-taught-taught think-thought-thought(3)原形，过去式和过去分词均不相同：e.g. lie-lay-lain see-saw-seen rise-rose-risen give-gave-given begin-began-begun blow-blew-blown know-kne

23、w-known grow-grew-grown break-broke-broken drink-drank-drunk speak-spoke-spoken swim-swam-swum 三.一般将来时及其被动语态(一)一般将来时： 1.用法：表示未来发生的动作或存在的状态； 2.时间状语：(1)next（下一个） +表示时间的单数可数名词(day/month/ week /year等)；e.g. next day明天 = tomorrow next month下个月 next year明年 (2)in（之后） + 时间段=时间段+ later(以后), 意为“多长时间以后”； e.g. i

24、n three days = three days later三天以后 in five years = five years later五年以后 in two weeks = two weeks later两周以后(3)in + 未来的年份；e.g. in 2050在2050年 in 2090在2090年(4)in the future在未来；(5)soon尽快 3.谓语动词的形式：will(主语可以为任意人称)/shall(主语只能为第一人称单复数I/we) + do(动词原形); e.g. Tom will go to school three days later. I will be

25、a doctor in the future.4. 一般将来时肯定句转换为否定句，疑问句及疑问句的肯定和否定回答；含有will的陈述句变为一般疑问句，直接将will提到句首，第一人称I, we改为第二人称you，“.”变为“?”即可；肯定及否定回答用will来回答即可，但否定回答只能用缩写wont；含有will的肯定句变为否定句，直接在will后面加not，可缩写，可全称。e.g. 肯定句: Tom will go to Shanghai next day. 一般疑问句: Will Tom go to Shanghai next day? 肯定回答: Yes, he will. 否定回答: N

26、o, he wont. 否定句: Tom wont go to Shanghai next day.5.一般将来时的表示方法及用法区别：(1)will/shall do表示单纯的将来，是对未来事情发生的“预见性”(表示事先未经过考虑的打算、计划(指在说话时才想到或决定的事，即临时起意,通常用will)。will用于各种人称，而shall一般用于第一人称；e.g. She will come back next week.I will go there by myself.(2)be going to do表示打算、计划、安排或已经决定要做某事，还可表示根据某种迹象将要发生的事；e.g. Are

27、 you going to watch the football game this afternoon?Look at the dark clouds! Its going to rain.(3)be to do可表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作，也可表示注定会发生的动作或者表示命令等；e.g. The meeting is to take place next Monday.Such questions are to be avoided.(4)be about to do意为“刚要；正要”，表示即将发生的动作;不与具体时间连用，常与when搭配，结构为“be about to do sth

28、. when +句子”，意为“正要做某事，这个时候”；注意此句型前后句时态需统一。e.g. The concert is about to begin.She was about to leave when some guests came.(二)一般将来时的被动语态:1.定义：表示根据计划或安排将要发生的被动性动作；2.结构：will/shall + be + done(shall用于第一人称， will用于任意人称)；e.g. We shall be punished if we break the rule. The new film will be shown next Sunday.

29、3.一般将来时被动语态的肯定句，否定句及一般疑问句的相互转换及疑问句的肯定和否定回答：(1)肯定句结构：主语 + shall/will + be done +其它(2)否定结构：主语 + shall/will +not + be + done(shall not = shant; will not = wont)(3)一般疑问句结构：Shall/Will +主语+ be + donee.g. 肯定句：She will be punished if she doesnt finish her homework. 否定句：She will not(wont) be finished if she

30、doesnt finish her homework. 一般疑问句：Will she be punished if she doesnt finish her homework. 肯定回答：Yes, she will. 否定回答：No, she wont.4.一般将来时的其他常见的被动语态形式:(1) be to be done；表示按计划或安排将要发生的被动动作;e.g. The book is to be published next year.表示“应该被做”，意思相当于should be done，可用来征求对方意见;e.g. What is to be done next?表示“必须被做”，意思相当于must be done或have to be done。e.g. Your homework i