生化英文单词汇总.docx

1、生化英文单词汇总 生化单词表第一章 蛋白质结构与功能Protein 蛋白质Amino acid 氨基酸Myoglobin 肌红蛋白Hemoglobin 血红蛋白2,3Bisphosphoglycerate 2,3二磷酸甘油酸protein physicalchemical properties蛋白理化性质Prion disease 朊蛋白病Scurvy坏血病Methemoglobinemia 高铁血红蛋白病Enzymes酶Catalysis催化作用Chiral手性Amino group氨基Carboxylic acid group 羧基Zwitterion 两性Protonation 质子化i

2、soelectric point等电点Ionizable可解离得Homeostatsis稳态Polar极性uncharged 不带电得charged带点得acidic酸性得basic碱性得nonpolar非极性hydrophilic亲水得hydrophobic疏水得aromatic AA 芳香氨基酸hydroxyl group羟基sulfurcontaining AAs 含硫氨基酸amide 酰胺imino acid 亚氨基酸polypeptide backbone多肽骨架Essential AminoAcids必需氨基酸Monomer单体Polymer聚合物multisubunit多亚基Pr

3、imary structure一级结构Secondary structure二级结构Tertiary structure 三级结构Quanternary structure四级结构hydrogen bond氢键Peptide Bonds肽键condensation reaction 缩合反应Polypeptide 多肽alpha helix a 螺旋betasheet beta折叠beta turn beta转角Righthanded helix 右手螺旋Isomers异构体MotifT模体fibrous proteins纤维状蛋白globular proteins球形蛋白Intermedia

4、te filaments 中间丝蛋白cytoskeleton 骨架Keratin 角蛋白Extracellular matrix 细胞外基质Collagen胶原蛋白Elastin弹性蛋白Tendons肌腱Cartilage软骨Silk fibroin 丝蛋白Cornea角膜prolyl hydroxylase脯氨酸羟化酶a ketoglutarate a酮戊二酸ascorbate 抗坏血酸Antiparallel反平行Domain功能域Heme Group血红素基团Ferric ion (Fe3+) 高铁Ferrous ion (Fe2+) 亚铁Porphyrin卟啉、Nitrogen氮Hyp

5、erbolic抛物线得deoxy hemoglobin脱氧血红蛋白oxy hemoglobin 氧合血红蛋白Conformational 构象Subunit亚基cooperativebinding协同结合sigmoidal双曲线得Allostery 变构作用heterotropic effect异促效应homotropic effect 同促效应Hyperthyroidism甲状腺功能亢进phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM) 磷酸甘油变位酶erythrocytes红细胞Iron deficiency anemia 缺铁性贫血Chronic respiratory dise

6、ase慢性呼吸系统疾病Hypoxia低氧pulmonary edema 肺水肿Antibodie抗体(immunoglobulins免疫球蛋白Bacteria细菌Virus病毒Pollen花粉Antigen抗原disulfide bonds 二硫键Sickle CellAnemia镰刀红细胞贫血Homozygous纯合得Autosomal accessive 常染色体隐性Denaturation变性Renaturation 复性Alcohol乙醇Chloroform氯仿Urea尿素Curdle凝乳Perming hair 烫发Ribonuclease 核糖核酸酶i2mercaptoethano

7、l 二巯基乙醇Ultrafiltration超滤Ultracentrifugation超速离心Electrophoresis电泳ion exchange chromatography离子交换层析chromatography层析UV absorption紫外吸收Dye binding染料结合Dialysis:透析semipermeable membrane半透膜Sedimentation coefficient, S沉降系数第二章核酸结构与功能NucleicAcids核酸Nucleotide核苷酸Nuclease核酸酶NitrogenousBases 含氮碱Nucleosides核苷 Nucle

8、osidePhosphates 磷酸核苷Polynucleotides多核苷酸Pyrimidine嘧啶Cytosine 胞嘧啶Uracil 尿嘧啶Thymine 胸腺嘧啶Purine嘌呤Adenine 腺嘌呤Guanine 鸟嘌呤Derivatives衍生物DriboseD核糖2deoxyDribose 2脱氧D核糖Pentoses 戊糖glycosidicbond 糖苷键anomeric异头碳triphosphates三磷酸glycogen糖原phosphodiester bond磷酸二酯键 Ribonucleic acid 核糖核酸deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸B

9、ase pairs 碱基对Canonical经典得major groove 大沟minor groove 小沟Supercoil超螺旋Cruciform十字形duplex helix 双螺旋Negative supercoiling 负超螺旋palindromic regions回文区域nucleosome核小体Chromatin染色质nucleoprotein plex与蛋白复合体histones 组蛋白Diameter直径Eukaryotic真核得 Transcription转录Prokaryotes原核细胞Polycistron多顺反子Eukaryote真核细胞Monocistron单顺

10、贩子Intron内含子 Exon外显子 Splicing 剪接Ribosome核糖体peptidyl transferase肽酰转移酶cytosol细胞浆Ribozyme核酶 hyperchromic 增色得Stacked base pairs 碱基堆积in native DNA absorbless light Hydrolysis水解Carcinogenesis致癌aryl hydrocarbons芳香烃Smokedand grilled foods烟熏与烧烤食物alkylate 烷基化第三章 脂质代谢Amphipathic 同时具有亲水与厌水部分得,两性分子得Triacrylglycer

11、ol (TAG)/Triglyceride (TG) 三脂酰甘油/甘油三酯Phospholipids (PL) 磷脂Glycolipids (GL) 糖脂Cholesterol (CHOL) 胆固醇Cholesterol ester (CE) 胆固醇酯carboxylic acid羧酸Saturated/ unsaturated 饱与得/不饱与得Margarine 人造黄油、人造奶油Palmitic acid软脂酸; 棕榈酸,十六(烷)酸Stearic acid硬脂酸,十八酸Linoleic acid亚油酸,罂酸Linolenic acid 亚麻酸Arachidonic acid花生四烯酸Ei

12、cosapentaenoic acid (EPA) 二十五碳五烯酸Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 二十二碳六烯酸Essential Fatty Acids (EFA) 必需脂肪酸Glycerol 甘油Phosphatidylcholine磷脂酰胆碱、卵磷脂Phosphatidylethanolamine磷脂酰乙醇胺、脑磷脂cardiolipin 一种磷脂,亦称双磷脂酰甘油。Sphingolipids 鞘脂Sphingosine鞘氨醇sphingoid bases鞘氨醇碱steroid hormones类固醇激素adipocytes 脂肪细胞Emulsion 乳化Hydro

13、philic 亲水Hydrophobic 亲脂lipase脂肪酶Colipase 辅脂酶Fat mobilization 脂肪动员Lipolysis脂解hormonesensitive triacylglycerol lipase (HSL) 激素敏感性脂肪酶Glucagons 胰高血糖素Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH) 促肾上腺皮质激素Epinephrine肾上腺素Norepinephrine去甲肾上腺素Insulin 胰岛素BetaOxidation氧化作用acetylCoA乙酰辅酶AAcylCoA synthetase酰基辅酶A合成酶acylCoA e

14、ster 酰基辅酶A酯MalonylCoA丙二酰辅酶A;carnitine 肉碱acyl carnitines酰基肉碱Carnitine acyltransferase I肉碱脂酰转移酶Icarbonyl group 羰基Dehydrogenation脱氢作用Hypoglycin 次甘氨酸enoyl CoA 烯酰辅酶AHydration水化; 水合,水合作用 hydroxyacyl CoA 羟脂酰CoAThiolysis硫解Thioester硫酯Enolate烯醇化物propionylCoA丙酰辅酶aKetone bodies 酮体Acetone 丙酮acetoacetate 乙酰乙酸hydr

15、oxybutyrate羟丁酸acetoacetylCoA乙酰乙酰辅酶A3hydroxy3methylglutarylCoA羟甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A (HMG CoA)Succinyl CoA transsulfurase琥珀酰辅酶A转硫酶Ketonemia酮血症Ketoacidosis 酮症酸中毒MalonylCoA丙二酰辅酶AMalate苹果酸盐KS: ketoacylACP synthase酮脂酰合酶MT: malonyltransacylase 丙二酰基转移酶KR: ketobutyrylACP reductase酮脂酰还原酶 DH: hydroxybutyrylACP dehydrata

16、se脱水酶ER: enoylACP reductase烯脂酰还原酶AT: acetylCoAACP transacetylase乙酰基转移酶TE: acylCoA thioesterase 硫脂酶Monoacylglycerol (MG) pathway 甘油一酯途径Diacylglycerol (DG) pathway甘油二酯途径Lysophosphatidate 溶血磷脂Glycerophospholipid 甘油磷脂phospholipase (PLA) 磷脂酶Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱Sphingomyelin鞘磷脂Ceramide

17、 神经酰胺Multiple sclerosis 多发性硬化cholelithiasis胆结石Gall Bladder 胆囊Sitosterol谷甾醇sitosterol谷固醇 ergosterol麦角固醇 aerobic 有氧得anaerobic 无氧得Mevalonate甲羟戊酸Squalene鲨烯,三十碳六烯(角)Thyroxine甲状腺素Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase 卵磷脂胆固醇酰基转移酶 pregnenolone 孕烯醇酮progesterone孕酮,testosterone睾酮aldosterone醛固酮calcitriol骨化三醇coro

18、nary 冠状动脉得lovastatin洛伐她汀(HMGCoA还原酶抑制剂)Lipoproteins脂蛋白CM (chylomicron) 乳糜微粒VLDL: Verylowdensity lipoproteins 极低密度脂蛋白IDL : Intermediatedensity lipoproteins 中间密度脂蛋白LDL: Lowdensity lipoproteins 低密度脂蛋白HDL: Highdensity lipoproteins 高密度脂蛋白Apolipoprotein 载脂蛋白第四章 生物氧化BiologicalOxidation 生物氧化Mitochondrion线粒体e

19、lectrontransfer chain (ETC) 电子传递链Respiratorychain 呼吸链Ubiquinone(Coenzyme Q, CoQ, Q) 泛醌(辅酶Q)Cytochrome细胞色素prostheticgroup 辅基Flavoprotein黄素蛋白flavinmononucleotide (FMN) 黄素单核苷酸flavinadenine dinucleotide (FAD)黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸ironsulphurprotein 铁硫蛋白ironsulfurclusters 铁硫簇Nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide (NAD) 烟酰胺

20、腺嘌呤二核苷酸(辅酶I)nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide phosphate 磷酸烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(辅酶II)isoalloxazine异咯嗪heme亚铁血红素lipoate硫辛酸Oxidativephosphorylation氧化磷酸化Substratelevel phosphorylation底物水平磷酸化Chemiosmotictheory 化学渗透理论ATPsynthase ATP合成酶Uncouplingprotein解偶联蛋白Thermogenin增温素2,4dinitrophenol(DNP) 2,4二硝基苯酚(DNP)OligomycinA

21、寡霉素Aglycerophosphateshuttle磷酸甘油穿梭malateaspartateshuttle 苹果酸天冬氨酸穿梭,也称为苹果酸穿梭第五章 氨基酸代谢一、蛋白质得营养价值营养价值: nutrition value营养必需氨基酸: nutritionally essential amino acid营养非必需氨基酸: nutritionally nonessential amino acid营养半必需氨基酸: nutritionally semiessential amino acid氨基酸模式: amino acid pattern,AAP氮平衡: nitrogen balan

22、ce零氮平衡: zero nitrogen balance正氮平衡: positive nitrogen balance负氮平衡: negative nitrogen balance蛋白质缺乏综合症: kwashiorkor消瘦: marasmus二、体内氨基酸得来源内肽酶: endopeptidase外肽酶: exopeptidase氨基肽酶: amino peptidase羧基肽酶: carboxyl peptidase胃蛋白酶: pepsin肠激酶: enterokinase胰蛋白酶: trypsin糜蛋白酶: chymotrypsin弹性蛋白酶: elastase自身激活: autoc

23、atalysis寡肽酶: oligopeptidase二肽酶: dipeptidase氨基酸代谢池: amino acid metabolic pool谷氨酰循环: glutamyl cycle腐败作用: putrefaction胺类: amine酪胺: tyramine苯乙胺: phenylethylamine假神经递质: false neurotransmitter氨: ammonia尿素: urea尿素肠肝循环: urea enterohepatic circle半寿期:half life泛素:ubiquitin,Ub泛素活化酶:ubiqutin activating enzyme泛素载

24、体蛋白:ubiquitin carrier protein泛素蛋白连接酶:ubiquitin protein ligase泛素化:ubiquitination蛋白酶体:proteasome谷氨酸脱氢酶:glutamate dehydrogenase谷氨酰胺合成酶:glutamine synthetase天冬酰胺合成酶:asparagine synthetase胆碱:choline乙醛酸:glyoxylate同型半胱氨酸:homocysteine胱硫醚合酶:cystathionine synthase苯丙氨酸羟化酶:phenylalanine hydroxylase生物喋呤:biopterin二

25、氢生物蝶呤还原酶:dihydrobiopterin dehydrogenase三、氨基酸分解代谢转氨基: transamination转氨酶:transaminase(aminotransferase)丙氨酸转氨酶:alanine transaminase(ALT);glutamic pyruvic transminase(GPT)天冬氨酸转氨酶:aspatate transaminase(AST);glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT)磷酸吡哆醛:pyridoxal phosphate,PLP联合脱氨基(转氨脱氨作用):transdeamination嘌

26、呤核苷酸循环:purine nucleotide cycle氨基酸氧化酶:amino acid oxidase丙氨酸葡萄糖循环:alanine glucose cycle鸟氨酸循环,尿素循环:ornithine cycle; urea cycle; krebshenseleitcycle、氨甲酰磷酸合成酶:carbamoyl phosphate synthetase N乙酰谷氨酸:Nacetylglutamate鸟氨酸氨甲酰转移酶:ornithine carbamoyl transferase; ornithine transcarbamoylase、精氨酸代琥珀酸合成酶:argininosu

27、ccinate synthetase(ASS)精氨酸代琥珀酸裂解酶:argininosuccinate lyase(ASl)精氨酸酶:arginase一氧化氮合酶:nitric oxide synthase(NOS)高氨血症:hyperammonemia四、氨基酸得分类代谢脱羧酶:decarboxylase脱羧基作用:decarboxylation氨基丁酸:aminobutyrate牛磺酸:taurine组胺:histamine5羟色胺:5hydroxytryptamine褪黑激素:melatonin单胺氧化酶:monoamine oxidase多胺:polyamine腐胺,亚精胺,精胺:pu

28、trecine, spermidine, spermine一碳单位:one carbon unit甲基,甲烯基,甲炔基,亚氨甲基,甲酰基:methyl group, methylene group, methenyl group, formimino group, formyl group、四氢叶酸:tetrahydrofolic acid二氢叶酸还原酶:dihydrofolic acid reductase腺苷转移酶:adenosyl transferaseS腺苷蛋氨酸:S adenosyl methionine (SAM)同型半胱氨酸:homocysteine同型半胱氨酸血症:homocy

29、stinuriaPAPS:3phosphoadenosyl5phosphasulfate肌酸:creatine肌酸激酶:creatine phosphokinase磷酸肌酸:creatine phosphate儿茶酚胺:catecholamine多巴:3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa)多巴胺:dopamine肾上腺素:epinephrine去甲肾上腺素:norepinephrine黑色素:melanine尿黑酸:homogentisate尿黑酸症:alkaptonuria苯丙酮尿症:phenyl ketonuria (PKU)白化病:albinism第六章 酶与

30、维生素 糖复合物酶与维生素Enzyme酶Ribozyme核酶Alkaptonuria尿黑酸尿Homogentisateoxidase 尿黑酸氧化酶Phospholipase磷脂酶Prostheticgroup 辅基Coenzyme辅酶Cofactor辅因子Metalloenzyme金属酶Metalcativatedenzyme 金属激活酶Monomericenzyme 单体酶Oligomericenzyme 寡聚酶Multifunctionalenzyme 多功能酶Multienzymeplex 多酶复合体Essentialgroups 必须基团Activesite 活性中心Nomenclature命名法Systemiaticname 系统命名monname常用名Oxidoredcuctase氧化还原酶Transferase转移酶Hy