现在完成时的用法和过去式的主要区别.docx

1、现在完成时的用法和过去式的主要区别现在完成时现在完成时，表示过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果；过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在并且有可能还会持续的动作或状态。基本结构：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(p.p)（V-ed） 1 肯定句：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(p.p)（V-ed）+宾语. He has finished it. They have worked it out.否定句：主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词(p.p)（V-ed）+宾语. He hasnt finished it. They have worked it out.一般疑问

2、句：Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词(p.p)（V-ed）+宾语.Has he finished it? Yes, he has; No he hasntHave they have worked it out? Yes, I have; No I havent 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+have/has+主语+过去分词（v-ed）+其他）Where have they been? They have been to Yunnan.一般过去时：表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作。说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情，不强调对“现在”产生的影响。He visited

3、Guilin in 1998.他1998年参观过桂林。(只是简单表明在过去某个时间in 1998去过桂林这一事实，除此以外别无其他)主语动词的过去式（肯定式）He did it. We hoped to go there.主语did not 动词原形（否定式）He didnt do it. They werent there yesterday.Did主语动词的原形（疑问式）Did he do it? Yes, he did. No, he didnt第一种：对目前造成的影响；过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果；Have you seen the film? （A）Did you

4、see the film? （B）说明 你看过这部电影吗？（A）句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解；（B）句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过，并不强调是否知道其内容。The plane has already arrived. 飞机已经抵达了。（说明现在的情况：飞机在这儿。） The plane arrived a quarter of an hour ago. 飞机是一刻钟以前抵达的。（强调动作发生的时间在过去。）Jill has bought a new computer.吉尔买了一台新电脑。（造成的结果是，Jill现在有了一台新电脑）Jill bought a new computer.吉

5、尔买了一台新电脑。（强调动作发生的时间在过去。）现在完成时的用法和过去式的主要区别：第二种：过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在并且有可能还会持续的动作或状态。He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.（A）（live用现在完成时，表明“居住”的动作和现在发生了联系）He lived in Beijing for 8 years. （B）（live用过去式，表明“居住”的动作只存在于过去，与现在没有关系）说明他在北京住了8年。（A）句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了8年，可能还会继续在北京住下去。(B)句讲的是他在北京住过8年，现在不在北京了。句子中所用【时间标志词语】的

6、区别1、 一般过去时：通常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如：yesterday, yesterday morning (afternoon, evening)； last night (week, month, year)；一段时间+ago(several days ago)、 two days ago、a week ago,；in 2002，(in 1990, in 1997，in July)等；just now, at that time/moment, then , long long ago例子：He was here yesterday.I got up at seven yesterd

7、ay morning.My mother didnt work yesterday afternoon.Did you have a good time last summer? My mother often went to work by taxi last year.When I was a student, I often listened to music.Three months ago, they were still students.2、现在完成时：现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如already（已经）, yet（已经）, just（刚）, before（之前

8、）, recently（最近）, lately（近来），ever（曾经）等副词；其中already，just多用于肯定句中，ever，yet，never多用于疑问句和否定句中）He has already obtained（获得） a scholarship.他已经获得了奖学金。（already用在过去分词前）He has just had his meal他刚吃过饭。（just用在过去分词前）Have you ever been to Beijing？你曾经去过北京吗？（ever用在过去分词前）I havent seen much of him recently (lately).我最近没太

9、看到他。（用在否定句末）We have seen that film before. 我们之前看过那部电影。（用在句末）Have they found the missing child yet？他们已经找到了那个丢失的孩子了吗？（用在否定或疑问句末） already和yet的用法辨析不论yet还是already,都可以表示“已经”的含义。一般两者都用于完成时的句子当中。already 即可用在句前部分也可用在句尾；yet一般用在句尾。already一般用于肯定句（表“已经）”；yet一般用于否定句或疑问句。Ive seen the film already. The train has al

10、ready left. 火车已经开走了。He hasnt found his bike yet.他还没有找到他的自行车。（用在否定句末表“还”）Has she finished her homework yet？她已经做完作业了吗？（用在疑问句末表“已经”） lately 与 recently 用法辨析两者均可表示“最近”、“近来”。从使用的时态来看：两者都经常与完成时态连用。I have seen a lot of her lately recently. 我最近经常见到她。注：两者通常都不用于将来时， 若用于将来时则用“soon”。如：最近我们要去巴黎。误：We will go to Pa

11、ris lately recently.正：We will go to Paris soon.现在完成时的另一个用法：“从过去某一时刻开始并一直持续到现在并且有可能还会持续的动作或状态。”这一用法常和一段时间连用：常与these days, this week, since+点时间, for+段时间等表示一段时间的状语连用。其中“ for +时间段” ，“ since +时间点” 。例如：We have lived in this city for more than 40 years. 我们在这个城市里已经生活了 40 多年。We have lived in this city since

12、1958. 我们从 1958 年起就住在这个城市里。（注：1958前没有in）Have you seen her parents these days? 这些天你看见她的父母了吗？ Mary has been ill for three days.I have lived here since I came here.（注：I came here是一个过去时，表示的是【过去的一个时间点】）几种特殊句型的区别：1）have been in; 2）have been to ; 3）have gone to 的用法 :1. have(has) been in 意为“已经在某地呆了多长时间”，常与表示

13、一段时间的状语连用。如： Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days. 布朗先生来上海已经有三天了。 They have been in Canada for five years. 他们到加拿大有五年了。 2. have(has) been to意为“曾经去过某地”，表示“现在已经不在那里了”。可与just, ever, never等连用。如： Ive just been to the post office. 我刚才去邮局了。 Have you ever been to Hangzhou? 你曾经去过杭州吗？ Mary has never b

14、een to the Great Wall. 玛丽从未去过长城。 另：have(has) been to 后面可接次数，表示去过某地几次。如： Ive been to Beijing three times. 我去过北京三次。 They have been to that village several times. 他们去过那个村庄好几次了。 3. have(has) gone to 意为“到某地去了”，表示刚到某地或正在去某地的途中。总之，说话时该人不在现场，一般不用第一、第二人称代词作句子的主语。如： Where is Tom? 汤姆在哪里？ He has gone to the boo

15、kshop.他到书店去了。 4非延续性动词即瞬间动词不能用于“现在完成时一段时间的状语”的句型中。即这类瞬间动词有：come， go， start， leave， die， buy， finish， borrow等。例如：瞬间动词转化后动词瞬间动词转化后动词buyhavejoinbe in/be a member ofborrowkeepopenbe openput onwearcome be inbecomebeclosebe closeddie be deadbegin/ start be onfinish/end be overgo out be outleave/move be awa

16、yfall asleep（ill）be asleep （ill）arrivebe herecatch/get a coldhave a cold 例如：下面的例句就是瞬间动词的过去式和带有持续时间的现在完成时使用变化。1、We have had the book for three years. We bought the book three years ago.2、He has had a cold for three days. He caught a cold three days ago.3、Xiao ming has been a soldier for half year. Xi

17、ao ming joined the army half year ago.4、we have been students for eight years. We became students eight years ago.5、The class has benn over gor ten minutes.6、I hve kept the book since last week.I borrowed the book lasr week.7、Mr.Black has been dead for three years. Mr.Blackgied three years ago.8、The

18、 film has been on for an hour. The film started an hour ago. She has worked for ten years.1、She began to work ten years ago2、She has worked since ten years ago.3、It is ten years since she began to worked.4、Ten years has passed since she began to work.汉语意思分别为：她已经工作了十年了。她十年前就开始工作了。自十年前以来她就开始工作了。自她工作以来

19、有十年了。自她开始工作以来十年已经过去了。过去分词的概念：规则动词的【过去分词】的构成：v+ed, 如work-worked；study-studied；finish-finished 不规则动词的过去分词构成(需要单独记忆)：如be-been；have-had；hear-heard；do-done动词的过去分词和动词的过去式不是一个概念：【过去分词】用于现在完成时态（另被动语态中也会用到），动词的过去式只能用于过去时。注意：不规则的动词过去分词和过去式有时候一样，有时候不一样；原形havedoseebe过去式haddidsawwas/were过去分词haddoneseenbeen过去分词的变

20、化规则： 规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：(1)一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”： work-worked-worked ,visit-visited-visited (2)以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”：live-lived-lived , (3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 y 变为 i ，再加“ ed ”：study-studied-studied ,cry-cried-cried (4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”： stop-stopped-stopped , dro

21、p-droppeddropped.特殊疑问句的提问：用when还是how long？He began to work ten years ago. _did he begin to work ?He has worked since ten years ago _has he worked?Mary has been ill for three days. _has she been ill?Mary was ill three days ago. _was Mary ill?Mary has been ill since three days ago. _has Mary been ill?

22、类型汉语原形过去式过去分词AB型能cancould/将要；会；好吗shallshould/将要；会；愿意；要willwould/可以；也许；可能maymight/AAA型 值（多少钱）；花费costcostcost切；剪；削；割cutcutcut打；撞；击中hithithit伤害；受伤；伤人感情hurthurthurt让letletlet必须；应当；必定是mustmustmust放；摆putputput放；安置setsetset关上；封/禁闭；合拢shutshutshut延伸；展开spreadspreadspread读；朗读readreadread /red/AAB型敲打；击打；打赢beatb

23、eatbeatenABA型 变得；成为becomebecamebecome来；来到comecamecome跑/奔跑；（颜色）褪色runranrunABB型 拿来；带来；取来bringbroughtbrought买buyboughtbought想；认为；考虑thinkthoughtthought接/捉住;赶上;染上（疾病）catchcaughtcaught教书；教teachtaughttaught建筑；建立buildbuiltbuilt借（出）；把借给lendlentlent打发；派遣；送；邮寄sendsentsent度过；花费（钱/时间）spendspentspent失去；丢失loselost

24、lost粘住；钉住；坚持stickstuckstuck挖（洞、沟等）；掘digdugdug悬挂；吊着；把吊起hanghunghung感觉；觉得；摸；触feelfeltfelt保持；保存；继续不断keepkeptkept睡觉sleepsleptslept扫除；扫sweepsweptswept离开；把留下；剩下leaveleftleft嗅；闻到；发出（气味）smellsmeltsmelt拼写spellspeltspelt溢出；溅出；洒出spillspiltspilt放；搁laylaidlaid付钱；给报酬paypaidpaid说；讲saysaidsaid卖；售sellsoldsold告诉；讲述；吩

25、咐telltoldtold坐sitsatsat吐痰；吐唾沫spitspatspat站；立；起立；坐落；经受；持久standstoodstood懂得；明白；理解understandunderstoodunderstood燃烧/着火；使烧焦/晒黑burnburntburnt学；学习；学会learnlearntlearnt意思是；意指meanmeantmeant糟蹋；损坏；溺爱spoilspoiltspoilt梦；梦想dreamdreamtdreamt喂（养）；饲（养）feedfedfed遇见；见到meetmetmet领导；带领leadledled得到；具有；达到getgotgot发光；照耀；shi

26、neshoneshone获胜；赢得winwonwon有；吃/喝；进行/经受have / hashadhad制造；做；使得makemademade听见；听说；得知hearheardheard打架/仗；与打仗fightfoughtfought找到；发现；感到findfoundfound拿/抱；握住;举行holdheldheldABC型 是bewas/werebeen开始；着手beginbeganbegun喝；饮drinkdrankdrunk（钟/铃）响；打电话ringrangrung唱；唱歌singsangsung下沉；沉没sinksanksunk游泳；游swimswamswum吹；刮风；吹气bl

27、owblewblown（鸟/飞机）飞；（人乘飞机）飞行；（旗子）飘动flyflewflown生长；发育；种植；变得growgrewgrown知道；了解；认识；懂得knowknewknown投；掷；扔throwthrewthrown绘画；绘制；拉；拖；提取（金钱）drawdrewdrawn给看；出示；显示showshowedshown打破；损坏；撕开breakbrokebroken偷；窃取stealstolestolen选择choosechosechosen忘记；忘掉forgetforgotforgotten原谅，谅解forgiveforgaveforgiven结冰freezefrozefroz

28、en说；讲；谈话；发言speakspokespoken醒；醒来；叫醒wakewokewoken驾驶；开（车）；驱赶drivedrovedriven吃eatateeaten落（下）；降落; 倒fallfellfallen给；递给；付出；给予givegavegiven把藏起来；隐藏hidehidhidden骑（马/自行车）；乘车rideroderidden上升；上涨riseroserisen拿走；做；服（药）；乘坐；花费taketooktaken弄错mistakemistookmistaken（使）动摇；震动shakeshookshaken写；书写；写作；著述writewrotewritten是am / iswasbeen是arewerebeen做；干dodiddone去；走；变得；通往gowentgone躺；卧；平放；位于lielaylain看见/到；领会；拜会seesawseen穿；戴wearworew