《共产党宣言》英文加注释.docx

1、共产党宣言英文加注释Manifesto of The Communist PartyKarl Marx and Frederick Engels1848 1 Bourgeois and Proletarians2 Proletarians and Communists3 Socialist and Communist Literature4 Position of the Communists in relation to the various existing opposition parties A spectre is haunting （“haunt” 指“鬼魂等反复出没于某地”。欧

2、洲的反动势力视共产主义为幽灵，怕得要死。此句用现在进行时，正活脱脱地表明了他们的这种心理状态，也显示出共产主义方兴未艾，已成气候。） Europe - the spectre of communism. All the powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this spectre: Pope and Tsar, Metternich and Guizot, French Radicals and German police-spies. Where is the party in oppositi

3、on （the opposition 指“反对党”，即，the party in opposition。）that has not been decried as communistic by its opponents in power? Where is the opposition that has not hurled back the branding reproach of communism （reproach指“责骂或责备”， branding 指“玷辱或污辱”， branding reproach则有“诬陷之词”的意思。注意：不能直接将the branding reproac

4、h of communism翻译为“共产主义这个诬陷之词”，尽管介词前后两部分属于同位关系，因为，“共产主义”，在包括马克思在内的共产党人看来，决非贬义之词。可以将这个短语翻译为“将共产主义作为诬陷之词”。）, against the more advanced opposition parties, as well as against its reactionary adversaries?Two things result from this fact: I. Communism is already acknowledged by all European powers to be i

5、tself a power. II. It is high time that Communists should openly, in the face of the whole world, publish their views, their aims, their tendencies, and meet this nursery tale of the spectre of communism with a manifesto of the party itself. To this end, Communists of various nationalities have asse

6、mbled in London and sketched the following manifesto, to be published in the English, French, German, Italian, Flemish and Danish languages.I - BOURGEOIS AND PROLETARIANS The history of all hitherto existing society （hitherto 为副词，指“迄今为止”，修饰形容词existing，表示“迄今为止仍然存在的”。我们现在的这个社会已经存在了几千年，至今仍然存在，所以，句中 soc

7、iety用单数。）is the history of class struggles. Freeman and slave, patrician and plebian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight（an fight这里的不定冠词不是指“一次”，而是指“一种斗争”。

8、这里将所有的阶级斗争视为一体。后面的同位语a fight也是指“一种斗争”。）, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes. In the earlier epochs of history, we find almost everywhere a complicated arrangement of society into various orders,

9、a manifold gradation of social rank. In ancient Rome we have patricians, knights, plebians, slaves; in the Middle Ages, feudal lords, vassals, guild-masters, journeymen, apprentices, serfs; in almost all of these classes, again, subordinate gradations.（此句为省略句。本句的主语和谓语与分号前的相同，都是we have，故省去。） The mode

10、rn bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins of feudal society has not done away with class antagonisms. It has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones. Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distin

11、ct feature: it has simplified class antagonisms. Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other - bourgeoisie and proletariat. From the serfs of the Middle Ages sprang the chartered burghers of the earliest towns. From

12、 these burgesses the first elements of the bourgeoisie were developed. The discovery of America, the rounding of the Cape（the Cape指“开普敦港”，即，THE CAPE TOWN，位于非洲最南端。要绕道非洲航行，必经此地。）, opened up fresh ground for the rising bourgeoisie. The East-Indian and Chinese markets, the colonization of America, trade

13、 with the colonies, the increase in the means of exchange and in commodities generally, gave to commerce, to navigation, to industry, an impulse never before known, and thereby, to（gave an impulse to指“”推动或促进“。注意：此句将三个介词短语to commerce, to navigation, to industry提前，置于宾语an impulse之前，因为宾语带有后置定语 never bef

14、ore known。） the revolutionary element in the tottering feudal society, a rapid development. The feudal system of industry, in which industrial production was monopolized by closed guilds, now no longer suffices for the growing wants of the new markets. The manufacturing system took its place. The gu

15、ild-masters were pushed aside by the manufacturing middle class; division of labor between the different corporate guilds vanished in the face of division of labor in each single workshop. Meantime, the markets kept ever growing；the demand ever rising. （此句由两个并列主句构成。第二个主句为省略句，省去了谓语动词kept。补充完整这个主句应该是：

16、the demand kept ever growing. Ever是副词，修饰动名词growing .）Even manufacturers no longer sufficed. Thereupon, steam and machinery revolutionized industrial production. The place of manufacture was taken by the giant, MODERN INDUSTRY; the place of the industrial middle class by industrial millionaires, the

17、leaders of the whole industrial armies, the modern bourgeois. Modern industry has established the world market, for which the discovery of America paved the way. This market has given an immense development to commerce, to navigation, to communication by land. This development has, in turn, reacted

18、on the extension of industry; and in proportion as industry, commerce, navigation, railways extended, in the same proportion the bourgeoisie developed, increased its capital, and pushed into the background every class handed down from the Middle Ages.（into the background是地点状语。宾语 every class被放在此状语之后，

19、因为宾语带有一个较长的后置定语 handed down from the Middle Ages.） We see, therefore, how（how是关系副词，引导一个宾语从句。它在宾语从句中用作状语，表示方式。） the modern bourgeoisie is itself the product of a long course of development, of a series of revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange. Each step in the development of the bour

20、geoisie was accompanied by a corresponding political advance in that class. An oppressed class under the sway of the feudal nobility, an armed and self-governing association of medieval commune: here independent urban republic (as in Italy and Germany); there taxable third estate of the monarchy (as

21、 in France); afterward, in the period of manufacturing proper, serving either the semi-feudal or the absolute monarchy as a counterpoise against the nobility, and, in fact, cornerstone of the great monarchies in general - the bourgeoisie has at last, since the establishment of Modern Industry and of

22、 the world market, conquered for itself, in the modern representative state, exclusive political sway.（此句很长，主语是the bourgeoisie，谓语动词是 has conquered ，宾语是exclusive political sway 。前面的五个名词短语An oppressed class，an.association，independent.public，third estate和cornerstone作游离定语，修饰主语the bourgeoisie。） The execu

23、tive of the modern state is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie. The bourgeoisie, historically, has played a most revolutionary part.The bourgeoisie, wherever it has got the upper hand（此句为地点状语从句，由关系副词wherever引导出来。got the upper hand意思是“得到支配权或占优势”。）, has put an end

24、 to all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations. It has pitilessly torn asunder the motley feudal ties that bound man to his natural superiors, and has left no other nexus between people than naked self-interest, than callous cash payment. It has drowned out the most heavenly ecstacies of religious f

25、ervor, of chivalrous enthusiasm, of philistine sentimentalism, in the icy water of egotistical calculation. It has resolved personal worth into exchange value, and in place of the numberless indefeasible chartered freedoms, has set up that single, unconscionable freedom - Free Trade. In one word, fo

26、r exploitation, veiled by religious and political illusions, it has substituted naked, shameless, direct, brutal exploitation. The bourgeoisie has stripped of its halo every occupation hitherto honored and looked up to with reverent awe. It has converted the physician, the lawyer, the priest, the po

27、et, the man of science, into its paid wage laborers. The bourgeoisie has torn away from the family its sentimental veil, and has reduced the family relation into a mere money relation. The bourgeoisie has disclosed how it came to pass that the brutal display of vigor in the Middle Ages, which reacti

28、onaries so much admire, found its fitting complement in the most slothful indolence.（注意代词it 的使用。本句中it指“资产阶级”，后面的its不是指“资产阶级的”，而意思是“展示匹夫之勇时的”。） It has been the first to show what mans activity can bring about（what 是关系代词，在句中具有双重功能：做关系词，引导出一个宾语从句；在宾语从句中，作谓语动词bring about的宾语。）. It has accomplished wonder

29、s far surpassing Egyptian pyramids, Roman aqueducts, and Gothic cathedrals; it has conducted expeditions that put in the shade all former exoduses of nations and crusades. The bourgeoisie cannot exist without constantly revolutionizing the instruments of production, and thereby the relations of prod

30、uction, and with them （them指前面的the relations of production生产关系。注意本句的由小而大的递进关系：生产工具the instruments of production,生产关系the relations of production，社会关系the whole relations of society.）the whole relations of society. Conservation of the old modes of production in unaltered form, was, on the contrary, the

31、 first condition of existence for all earlier industrial classes. Constant revolutionizing of production, uninterrupted disturbance of all social conditions, everlasting uncertainty and agitation distinguish the bourgeois epoch from all earlier ones. All fixed, fast frozen relations, with their trai

32、n of ancient and venerable prejudices and opinions, are swept away, all new-formed ones become antiquated before they can ossify. All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses his real condition of life and his relations with his kind. The need of a constantly expanding market for its products chases the bourgeoisie over the entire surface of the globe. It must nestle everywhere, settle everywhere, establish connections everywhere. The bourgeoisie has, through its exploi